60 
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 
Class III. 
common . 
naked 
wild 
Animal-oat 
meadow 
early 
hirsute 
Trisetum. 
striated 
Loefling's 
yellowish 
1051 sativa 
1052 nMa W. 
1053fatua IV. 
1054sterilis W. 
1055 pratensis W. 
1056 prffi'cox P.deB. 
Aira E. B. 
1057 hirsuta Roth. 
172. TRISE'TUM. P.S. 
1058 striatum P. S. 
1059 Loflingianum W. 
1060 flavescens R. 8[ S. 
Avena E. B. 
1061 pensylvanic. P. de^. Pennsylvanian Jli 
1062 pubescens R. 8( S. downy M 
Avena E. B. 
1063 planiciilme flat-stalked 
Avena R B. 
1064 distichophyllum Sc. fan-leaved Mi 
1065 airoides P. de B. Aira-like M 
173. DANTHO'NIA. P.deB. Danthonia 
1066 strigosa P. de B. meagre Ml 
Avena E. B. 
174. GAUDFNIA. P.deB. Gaudinia. 
1067 fragiUs P. de B. 
175. ARUN'DO. With. 
1068 epigejos W. 
3 jn.jl 
2 jn.jl 
4 au 
4 jl.au 
1 jn.jl 
I my.jn 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
S 
Britain cor. fi. S 
Barbary 1610. S 
Britain me. pa. S 
Britain hea. S 
r.m Host. gra. 2. t. 59 
r.m Host. gra. 3. t. 43 
CO Host. gra. 2. t. 58 
CO Host. gra. 2. t. 57 
h.l Eng. bot. 1204 
CO Eng. bot. 1296 
jiUi O w 
3 jn.s Ap 
Graminece. 
lijl.au 
1 jn.jl 
lijn.jl 
6 jl 
li jl.au 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Barbary 1798. S co 
Sp. 8—30. 
S. Europe 1804. S co 
Spain 1770. S co 
Britain ... S co 
N. Amer. 1785. S co 
Britain ch. pa. D s.l 
^ A w lAjn. 
Ap Britain scalp. D co 
1069 stricta E. B. 
1070 sylvatica Schr. 
1071 Donax W. 
j3 versicolor 
1072 phragmites TV. 
brittle 
Reed. 
wood 
upright 
wild 
cultivated 
striped 
common 
O w 
li jn.s Ap 
4 jn.jl Ap 
Graminece. 
3 jn.jl Ap 
Switzerl. 1796. D co 
Switzerl. 1800. S co 
Sp. 1—15. 
Britain hed. S co 
Lrs. herb. t.9. f.3 
Cav.ic.l.t.45.f,l 
Eng. bot. 952 
Eng. bot. 1640 
Eng. bot. 2141 
Host. gra. 2. t.53 
Host. gra. 2. t.45 
Eng. bot. 1266 
Graminece. 
li jn.au Ap 
Graminece. 
Ml 
176. CHRYSU'RUS. P.S. Chrysurus. 
1073 aureus P. lic B. golden-spiked 
1074 echinatus P. de B. rough 
177. SESLE'RIA. P.dcB. Sesleria. 
1075 elongata Host. long-spiked 
1076 cjerulea Schr. blue 
Cynosurus E. B. 
1077 tenella Host. weak 
1078 sphjErocephala Ard. round-headed 
A w 
A w 
A w 
A ec 
A or 
A ec 
O w 
O w 
A w 
A w 
2 jl 
li il.au 
3 jl.au 
10 jl.au 
3 jl.au 
6 jl.s 
Sp.l. 
Spain 1778. D co Host. gra. 2. t. 54 
Sp. 5—33. 
Britain moi.w. S 
Scotland sc. ma. S 
Germany 1813. S 
S. Europe 1648. S 
S. Europe 1648. S 
Britain dit. S 
m.s Eng. bot. 403 
m.s Eng. bot. 2160 
m.s Host. gra. 4. t.49 
CO Host. gra. 4. t.38 
co Mor. h. 3. t. 8. f.9 
m.s Eng. bot. 401 
Graminece. 
|jl Ap 
2 au Ap 
Graminece. 
li jn.jl Ap 
1 my.jn Ap 
I ap.my Ap 
^ ap.my Ap 
S/?.2— 4. 
Levant 1770. S 
England san. fi. S 
Sp 4—11. 
Germany 1805. S 
Britain fields. S 
CO Host. gra. 3. t. 4 
s.l Eng. bot. 1333 
CO Host. gra. 2. t.97 
Eng. bot. 1613 
Switzerl. 1819. S co Host. gra.2.t.l00 
Switzerl. 1819. S co Host. gra. 2. t.99 
History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 
and wild oat originally the same. The wild oat is remarkable for the length of time the grain will lie in the 
soil, and retain its vegetative powers ; its awns are sometimes used as hygrometers, and its seeds as artificial 
flies in fishing. Where it abounds naturally it is an inveterate weed. 
The oat, in an agricultural point of view, is a grain only calculated for cold climates. In Italy and France, 
and even in the southern counties of England, the ears are small and husky, and afford little meal ; the panicle 
is open, and the foot-stalks of the ears small ; and in July and August the heat dries them up, and obstructs the 
progress of the sap to the grain. On the other hand, this naked airy panicle is better for drying after rains and 
dews than the close spikes of wheat and barley, which, while they serve to guard the ears from the extremes 
of heat in warm climates, are apt to rot or become mouldy (covered with fungi) in cold moist countries or sea- 
sons. The grain of the oat, though chiefly used as food for horses, is .also more or less a bread corn in every 
country where it is generally cultivated. Fourteen pounds of grain yield eight pounds of meal ; in some places, 
as Yorkshire and Aberdeenshire, this meal is ground nearly as fine as flour ; in others, as at Edinburgh, it is 
made of a coarser quality. The kernel freed from the husk, and entire, is used for gruels, and forms an article 
of commerce with Embden, Bremen, and some towns where the grains are grown to a large size on the variety 
known as the Friesland oat. The fine powder which is produced by the operation of husking the corn, or 
making grist, forms a jelly, the sowins of the Scotch, and frumerty of the Irish, an agreeable and wholesome 
food. Water-gruel from a coarse oatmeal, is esteemed a cooling laxative drink. 
A. nuda, the naked, or hill-oat, or peel-corn, when ripe drops the grains from the husks. It was generally 
cultivated in Worlige's time " in the north of England, Scotland, and Wales, because the kernel threshes clean 
out of the hu.sk, and need not be carried to the mill to be made into meal or grist." It was made into meal by 
the lower classes, by drying on the hearth, and bruising in a stone mortar, as still practised in the Highlands of 
Scotland, in Lapland, Ceylon, China, and in every country under certain circumstances of civilization. In the 
low country of Scotland, the quern mills, as they were called, now no longer in use, may be seen neglected or 
dilapidated, by the doors or about the gardens of cottages and villages, where they were formerly in use. 
Avena sterilis is sometimes grown as an object of curiosity, under the name of the animal oat, on account 
of its singular hygrometrical properties. After the seeds have fallen off, their strong beard is so sensible of alter- 
