xviii 
RULES FOR PRONOUNCING BOTANICAL NAMES. 
rivul. 
ro. sid. 
rub. 
sa.hea. 
sal. m. 
S3, ma. 
san. fi. 
san. gr. 
san. pi. 
san.sh. 
sa. pas. 
sa.w.d. 
sa.w p. 
sc. alp. 
sc. bog. 
sc. isl. 
s. cliffs, 
sc. ma. 
sc. mo. 
sc. pas. 
sc. roc. 
sc. sh. 
sc. thi. 
sc.wds.7 
sc. wo. 3 
sea CO. 
sea sh. 
sev. isl. 
sha.ba 
sha.bo. 
sha. la. 
sha. pi. 
sh. roc. 
s. m.pl. 
rivulets, 
road sides, 
rubbish, 
sandy heaths, 
salt marshes, 
sandy marshes, 
sandy fields, 
sandy ground, 
sandy places, 
sandy shores, 
sandy pastures, 
salt water ditches, 
sandy wet places. 
Scottish alps. 
Scottish bogs. 
Scottish islands, 
sea cliffs. 
Scottish marshes, 
Scottish mountains. 
Scottish pastures. 
Scottish rocks. 
Scottish shores. 
Scottish thickets. 
Scottish woods. 
sea coast, 
sea shore. 
Severn isles, 
shady banks, 
shady bogs, 
shady lanes, 
shady places, 
shady rocks, 
shady moist places. 
so. CO. 
so. of s. 
sp. bo. 
sta.wa. 
stinw. 
sto. hi. 
sto. pa. 
sto. pi. 
sto.wa. 
sun. hi. 
sun.ro. 
thick, 
tr. 
tr.&st. 
tru. tr. 
tur. bo. 
tur. he. 
unc.gr. 
unc.pl. 
wa. gr. 
w.al.h. 
w. alp. 
wat.co. 
wat.pl. 
w. bog. 
W. CO. 
w. gr. 
w. lak. 
w. roc. 
w.sa.p. 
w. s.gr. 
w.sh.p. 
wy.sh.p 
w. thi. 
south coast, 
south of Scotland, 
spongy bogs, 
stagnant water, 
stones in water, 
stony hills, 
stony pastures, 
stony places, 
stones and walls, 
sunny hills, 
sunny rocks, 
thickets, 
trees. 
trees and stones, 
trunks of trees, 
turfy bogs, 
turfy heath, 
uncultivated ground, 
uncultivated places, 
waste ground, 
wet alpine heaths. 
Welsh alps, 
watery commons, 
watery places. 
Welsh bogs, 
wet commons, 
wet ground. 
Welsh lakes. 
Welsh rocks, 
wet sandy places, 
wet shady ground, 
wet shady places, 
watery shady places, 
wet thickets. 
I B 
1 c 
! D 
! G 
I I 
L 
Ls. 
O 
R 
S 
Sk 
aq 
CO 
c.p. 
h.l. 
1 
l.p. 
It 
It.l. 
m.s. 
P 
p.l. 
r 
r.m. 
ru. 
s 
s.l. 
s.p. 
s.p.l. 
Column 11. Propagation. 
by budding, 
cuttings. 
division of the plant, 
grafting. 
inarching. 
layers. 
leaves. 
division of the root. 
seeds. 
suckers. 
Column 12. Soil. 
watery places. 
common garden earth. 
common peat, or bog. 
heavy. 
heavy loam. 
loam. 
loam and peat, most loam, 
light. 
light loam, 
moist soil, 
peat. 
peat and loam, most peat 
rich. 
rich mould. 
rubbish. 
sand. 
sandy loam, 
sandy peat, 
sand, peat, and loam. 
RULES FOR PRONOUNCING BOTANICAL NAMES. 
It might, perhaps, be sufficient to direct the gardener to pronounce Latin vowels as he would English, 
placing the accent as he may find it marked, and to treat the consonants, with the exception of ch, in the same 
manner ; but as many gardeners may not be masters of the correct pronunciation of their mother tongue, for 
their information, we shall go more into detail. 
SYLLABLES. 
In classical words there are as many syllables as there are voiuels ; except when u with any other vowel 
follows g, q, or s, and when two vowels unite to form a diphthong. The diphthongs are cb, ce, ai, ei, oi, ui, au, 
en, and ou. These seldom coalesce in final syllables ; oo, ee, ea, and other combinations which never occur as 
diphthongs in classical words, follow, in commemorative names, the pronunciation of their primitives, as 
Teedia, Wo6dsm. 
VOWELS. 
In this work the accented vowels are indicated by the mark placed over each ; but as this only points out the 
vowel on which the stress is laid, the following observations will be found useful in showing when the vowel 
is to be sounded long, and when short. In addition to the primary accent, every word of more than three 
syllables contains a secondary accent, which is regulated by the same rules. The secondary accent must always 
be at least two syllables before the primary accent, as in Ch^lidrinium ; for its place the ear is a sufficient 
guide, and even were it entirely omitted, still, however inharmonious, it would not be incorrect. 
Every accented penultimate vowel is pronounced long, when followed by a vowel or a single consonant, as 
.^chillfea tomentosa ; but it is shortened when followed by two consonants or a double one, as Sorbus, Taxus ; 
except when the first consonant is a mute and the second a liquid, as A''brus. 
Every accented antepenultimate vowel, except ?/, is pronounced short, as /fell^borus, i^iimulus ; but when 
succeeded by a single consonant, followed by e or i and another vowel, it is lengthened, as Stellaria ; except i, 
which is short, as Tilia. 
A unaccented, ending a word, is pronounced like the interjection ah, as Sticta {ah). 
E final, with or without a consonant preceding, always forms a distinct syllable, as Sil^ne, ^loe ; also when 
the vowel is followed by a final consonant as Tri-ch6-ma-nes, not Tri-cho-manes. 
/ unaccented, if final, sounds as if written eye, as Spica venti {eye) ; but, when it ends a syllable not final, it 
has the sound of e, as Mespilus {Mespelus), Smith/e {Sniithe-eye). 
Y is subject to the same rules as /. 
The diphthongs ce and oe conform to the rules for e j ei is generally pronounced like eye ; the other diph- 
thongs have the common English sounds. 
CONSONANTS. 
C and g are hard before a, o, and u, as Cornus, Galium ; soft before e, i, and y, as Cetr&ria, Citrus. 
T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, to, iu, andew, when preceded by the accent, change their sounds, t and c, mio sh, 
as BYhtia, Ficia ; and s into %h, as Blas?a ; but, when the accent is on the first diphthongal vowel, the preceding 
consonant preserves its sound, as aurantiacum. 
CA, before a vowel, is pronounced like k, as Chelidonium {kel), Culchicum {kolkekum) ; but in comme- 
morative names it follows their primitives, as Richardsbn?«, in which the ch is soft. 
Cm, cn, ct, gm, gn, mn, tm, ps, pt, and other uncombinable consonants, when they begin a word, are pro- 
nounced with the first letter mute, as Pteris {ter/s), Cnicus {nikus), Gmelin« {melina), Gmdia {nidia); in 
the middle of a word they separate as in English, as Zap-sana, iem-na. 
Ph, followed by a mute, is not sounded j but, followed by a vowel or a liquid, sounds like/, as Phleum 
{fleum). 
Sch sounds like sk, as Schoe'^nus {skenus) ; in tl and both letters are heard. 
S, at the end of a word, has its pure hissing sound, as Dactylis ; except when preceded by e, r, or n, when it 
sounds like z, as Ribes {e-J). 
X, at the beginning of a word, sounds like z, as Xanthium ; in any other situation it retains its own sound, 
as Taxus, Tamarix. {Extracted from the Gardener's Magazine, vol. v. p. 232.) 
