70 
TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 
Class III. 
1232 compositum TV. 
1233 turgidum W. 
1234 polonicum W. 
1235 Spelta W. 
1236 monococcum TV. 
1237 squarrosum Roth. 
1238 junceum W. 
1239 repens W. 
1240 can'mum JS. B. 
1241 rigidum W. en. 
1242 cristatum Schr. 
1243 Zea i/osf. 
1244 villosum P.deB. 
12i5 elongatum Host. 
207. LO'LIUM. W. 
1246 perenne ^F. 
1247 tenue JV. 
1248 temulentum JV. 
1249 arvense £. ^. 
Egyptian 
turgid 
Polish 
Spelt 
one-grained 
Porcupine 
rushy 
Couch-grass 
bearded 
rigid 
crested 
maize-like 
villous 
long-spiked 
Darnel. 
Rye-grass 
slender 
bearded 
beardless 
iUt O ag 
Ml O ag 
jllii O ag 
M O ag 
* O ag 
jliji O w 
jlUi A w 
J!U/ A w 
jlUi A w 
jjlii A w 
Jiii A w 
M O 
Ml O w 
jii A w 
A ag 
A w 
O P 
O ag 
3 jn.jl Ap Egypt 1799. S 
3 jn.jl Ap S 
4 jn.jl Ap 1692. S 
3 jn.jl Ap S 
3 jn.jl Ap 1648. S 
1 jn.jl Ap Egypt 1800. S 
1| jn.jl Ap England sea. sh. S 
2 jl.au Ap Britain rub. S 
I jl.au Ap Britain eh. wo. S 
1 jn.jl Ap Germany 1805. S 
1 jl.au Ap Britain hed. S 
4 jn.jl Ap Austria 1815. S 
3 jn jl Ap S. Europe 1790. S 
5 jn.jl Ap Germany 1805. S 
Graminece. Sp. 4 — 10. 
3 my.jn Ap Britain me. pa. S 
3 jl.au Ap S. Europe 1590. S 
4 jl.au Ap Britain cor. fi. S 
4 j) Ap England cor.fi. S 
1235 1236 
r.m Mor.h.3. t.l. f 7 
r.m Host. gra. 3. t.28 
r.m Host. gra. 3. t.31 
r.m Host. gra. 3. t.30 
r.m Host. gra. 3. t.32 
CO Host. gra. 3. t.32 
CO Eng. bot. 814 
m.s Eng. bot. 909 
s.l Eng. bot. 1372 
CO Host. gra. 2. t.22 
CO Eng. bot. 2267 
r.m Host. gra. 3. t.29 
CO Fl. gr£ec. 1. t. 97 
CO Host. gra. 2. t.23 
CO Eng. bot. 315 
CO 
CO Eng. bot. 1124 
CO Eng. bot. 1125 
1238 
History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 
T. jestivum, and the five following sorts, are most probably variations of the same species. It is certain that 
winter-wheat sown in spring will ripen the following summer, though the produce of succeeding generations 
of spring-sown wheat is found to ripen better. White, red, awned, and beardless wheat change and run into 
each other on different soils and in different climates ; and even the Egyptian wheat is known to change in this 
country to the single-spiked common plant. There is a sort of summer-wheat apparently a distinct species from 
those which have been mentioned; the agricultural treatment of which, as well as the general appearance, is 
similar to that of barley. The straw is short and soft, the ears awned, small, and easily threshed, and the grain 
may be sown in May and reaped in August or September. It is very subject to the black disease, and though 
it has been tried in a number of places has never come into general cultivation. A variety from India, called 
" hill- wheat," and another from the Cape of Good Hope, have also been tried with no better results. But the 
hill-wheat, and, we believe, the hill-barley, also, of the northern provinces of India has been cultivated with suc- 
cess in Germany, under the direction of the Archduke John of Austria. T. monococcum grown in Switzerland, 
is of similar appearance. 
T. spelta appears a distinct species, and more hardy than common wheat ; it has a stout straw almost solid, 
with strong spikes and chaff" adhering firmly to the grain. The grain is light, yields but little flour, and makes 
but indifferent bread. It is grown in Switzerland in elevated situations, where common wheat would not 
ripen : also in Bavaria and other parts of Germany. It is sown in spring, and ripens in July and August. 
Of the common wheat there are many varieties, but the most permanent are the red and white grained, and 
the spring-wheat, which is generally red. The Hertfordshire reds and whites, woolly eared, awned, and nearly 
fifty other names are merely sub-varieties of the red and white. Wheat answers best when treated as a bien- 
nial, though it does not remain above one year in the ground. Provided the soil be well prepared and dry, 
and the grain sown in time, the plants do not suffer from the greatest cold of our climate, or even that of Rus- 
sia. In the latter country, and in the northern counties of Britain, the fields are covered with snow, which re- 
taining a temperature of from 30 to 32 degrees, the plants are found to vegetate and establish their roots firmly 
in the soil. The snow is not thawed off" till the weather is decidedly warm in spring, when the plants make 
rapid progress, apparently more so than in warmer climates. Wheat, like all culmiferous plants, may be said 
to have two distinct sets of roots ; the seminal or tap-root, and the coronal or surface-root, the former proceed- 
ing from the embryo, and the latter from the first joint of the stem. The former seem intended to nourish 
the plant while young, to fix it to the soil, and to penetrate into the sub-soil for water ; the latter to search 
along the surface among the lighter materials of the soil for nutritive particles. There is in the Banksian 
museum, a stalk of wheat of ordinary length with a tap-root six feet long, which had penetrated into a sub- 
soil of limestone brush, and was taken up in digging a drain. It grew on the estate of J. Fane, Fsq. at Worm- 
ley in Oxfordshire, in 1818. M. Sageret, a scientific French agriculturist, found that when wheat or any of the 
other grains were etiolated immediately after germination, by growing too rapidly or being sown too thick, the 
first joint from which the coronal or surface roots proceed is raised above the ground, and in consequence either 
throws out no roots at all, or so few as to nourish it imperfectly, in which cases it either dies before it comes 
into flower, or before the grains are matured. This accurate statement of what takes place, is well calculated 
to show the bad effects of sowing winter-wheats too early, or spring-corn too late, and grasses in general too 
thick. Animal substances, and especially bones and urine, are the best manures for wheat, as containing much 
gluten, a substance found in a greater proportion in that grain than any other. Next to animal manures lime 
is important, as tending to the same effect by chemical combinations. Wheat is almost every where culti- 
vated, both in the temperate and torrid zone, to the 45th degree of north latitude, and the height of 2000 feet 
above the level of the sea in southern latitudes. 
The insects and diseases which attack wheat are various. The grubs of chaffers and beetles, as well as the 
wire-worm (the larva of diffferent species of Tipula), attack the roots ; the wheat-fly (Tipula tritici) the ears ; 
the smut or black the grains ; and the mildew, rust, or blight, different names for the same disease, the whole 
plant. The mildew Sir J. Banks determined to be produced by the growth of a minute fungus on the straws 
and chaff" of the plant, and Dr. Cartwright {Phil. Mag. Oct. 1820.) ascertained it might be destroyed by water- 
ing with salt and water. The smut converts the farinaceous part of the grain into a black pov/der, and is sup- 
posed to be prevented or lessened by steeping the grain previously to sowing in any strong saline mixture. It 
