Okder III. TRIANDRIA TRIGYNIA. 75 
1283 Culm simple, Leaves very smooth. Joints smooth 
1284 Flowers panicled. Leaves flat 
1285 Pan. spiked cylindrical. Leaves convolute. Joints smooth. Flowers generally diandrous 
128fi Pan. diffuse sheathed, Florets 3-androus spreading. Keel of the glumes fringed 
1287 Pan. diffuse. Branches horizontally spreading. Florets 3-androus, Keel of the glumes fringed 
1228 The only species 
1289 Smooth, Leaves linear-lanceolate distichous. Flowers panicled 
TRIGYNIA. 
1290 Leaves elliptical glaucous smooth. Flowers umbelled. Common peduncle viscid 
1291 Leaves cordate 
1292 Stem branched 4-leaved prostrate 
1293 Leaves ovate lanceolate, Flowers lateral scattered 
1294 Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flowers panicled 
and Miscellaneous Particulars. 
duced when the whole is cooled and granulated in shallow vessels. It is now the raw or Muscovado sugar of 
commerce. A further purification is effected by dissolving it in water, boiling, skimming, adding lime, and 
clarifying from the oily or mucilaginous parts, by adding blood or eggs, which incorporate with them and form 
a scum. When boiled" to a proper consistency it is put into unglazed earthen vessels of a conical shape, with a 
hole at the apex, but placed in an inverted position, and the base, after the sugar is poured in, covered with 
clay. When thus drained of its impurities, it is taken out of the mould, wrapped in paper, and dried or baked 
in a close oven. It is now the loaf sugar of the shops, and according to the number of operations it undergoes, 
is called single or double refined. The operation of refining is seldom or never performed by the growers ; but 
in Europe, at least, generally forms a separate branch in the mother country of the colony. 
Sugar candy, Shukur and khand, Indian names for sugar in general, is formed by dissolving loaf sugar in 
water over a fire, boiling it to a syrup, and then exuosing it to crystallize in a cool place. This is the only su- 
gar esteemed in the east. 
Barley sugar is a syrup from the refuse of sugar candy, hardened in cylindrical moulds. 
Rum is distilled from the fermented juice of sugar and water. 
Sugar as a chemical compound is described as a neutral salt, consisting of the acetic acid, united to a small 
quantity of oil and charcoal, carbonated hydrogen, and carbonic acid gas. Besides its use in medicine, diete- 
tics, and distillation, it is employed to preserve animal and vegetable substances from putrefaction, and to com- 
municate a gloss to ink, varnishes, and pigments. When very cheap, it has been successfully employed to fatten 
cattle. Most plants contain sugar, and it has been extracted in considerable quantities from the beet, parsnip, 
maple, birch, grape, &c., but the cane is preferred as affording it in greater abundance. 
216. Imperata. The derivation or application of the idea not explained. The plants resemble in their noble 
port and waving silky heads the plumes of a cap of state. ■ 
217. Leersia. Named after J. D. Leers, an author of the Flora Herbornensis, the first edition of which, in 1789, 
is very valuable on account of its rarity : but its merits have been extolled much beyond reality by Sir James 
Smith. One species, L. lenticularis, which has not yet been introduced to this country, has' the power of 
catching flies by the singular structure of its corolla, which resembles the leaves of Dioucea muscipula. 
218. Diarrhena. A word signifying diandrous ; in, two, ocop'/jv, male. 
219. Arundinaria. An alteration of the word Arundo, to which genus this maybe compared with reference 
to its large size. 
220. Holosteum. A name derived from oXog, all, and ocnov, bone, all-bone, and applied by antiphrasis to 
this plant, which is no-bone, being very soft and delicate. This species of wit is not uncommon even at the 
present day, but applied to men, not plants. The abuse of M. DecandoUe in the Botanical Register, p. 729. 
must be considered a modern instance of the use of this figure of speech ; for we find the gentle editor 
eating his words a few months afterwards, p. 791. in a most satisfactory and complacent manner. 
221. Polycarpon. From ToXvg, many, xoc^-ro?, fruit ; all-secd ; one of the names applied by the ancients to 
the Polygonum aviculare, and sufficiently applicable to this plant. 
222. Lechea. In memory of G. Lecheo, a Swede, professor of natural history at Abo, and author of obseiv- 
ations on rare plants ; died in 1764. The genus consists of small N. American plants of no beauty. 
