Order I. 
TETRANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 
1619 Leaves 4 lanceolate 3-nerved smooth, Stem erect, Fruit hispid 
1620 Leaves 8 lane, keels and edge scab. acul. hackw. Stem flaccid. Joints vill. Fruit covered with hooked hairs 
1621 Leaves 4 subovate pilose nerveless, Fruit hairy - 
1622 Hairy leaves about 6 linear lanceolate, Stems woody 
1623 Leaves 6 lanceolate smooth above : their edge and keel beneath scabrous, Stem herbaceous aculeate 
1624 Leaves 4 perennial lanceolate above shining smooth their edge and rib beneath scabrous 
1625 Leaves perennial 6 elliptical shining. Stem smooth 
1626 Leaves perennial elliptical at the edge and keel very prickly. Stem rough shrubby 
1627 Leaves perennial linear above scabrous 
1628 Leaves perennial 4 cordate oblong stalked 3-nerved above and at the edges scabrous 
1629 Leaves 8 lanceolate. Corymbs terminal stalked, Seeds echinate 
1630 Lower leaves 4 obovate, upper 5-6-8, Flowers terminal sessile aggregated. Involucres ciliated 
1631 Leaves hairy acute 6 longer than the joint. Flowers terminal aggregate sessile longer than involucrum 
1632 Leaves 6 linear acute toothletted : the lower hirsute, Flowers aggregate terminal 
1633 Leaves 4 ovate lanceolate 3-nerved, Flowers fascicled terminal 
1634 Leaves 4 together oblong : the lateral revolute obtuse pubescent 
1635 Leaves linear fleshy : the lower 4, Flowers 3 awned 
1636 Cauline leaves 4 linear the lower elliptical the upper in pairs all rough awned. Cor. rough 
1637 Leaves linear the lower 6 3-nerved, the middle 4, the upper opposite. Stem flaccid, Cor. smooth 3-fid 
1638 Lower leaves 4 lanceolate upper linear very unequal in pairs. Stem erect. Fruit smooth tubercled 
1639 Leaves 4 linear the lower imbricate. Stem much branched at base procumbent, Flowers i-fid 
1640 Hispid, Leaves 6 oblong-ovate acute revolute at edge, Stems decumbent 
1641 Leaves 4 elliptical obsoletely nerved smooth glabrous at edge, Fruit scabrous 
1642 Leaves linear the lower 6j middle 4, upper opposite. Stem flaccid. Cor. 4-fid scabrous outside 
1643 Lower leaves 8 and 4, Flowers terminal. Stem and branches scabrous. Involucres naked 
1644 Leaves 6 linear : floral in pairs opposite. Branches simple. Flowers two. Fruit hispid subsessile 
1645 Smooth, Leaves lanceolate, Stamens included. Flowers whorled. Seeds hairy 
1646 Smooth, Leaves ovate, Stamens exserted. Flowers whorled ciliated 
1647 Leaves and bractes oblong ovate hispid. Stalks stem-clasping. Flowers capitate. Stamens exserted 
1648 Smooth, Leaves subsessile lanceolate acute, Flowers whorled small. Stem procumbent rooting 
1649 Smooth, Leaves lanceolate, Whorls globose 
1650 Hispid, Leaves obovate oblique. Flowers axillary in pairs 
1651 Hairy, Leaves ovate the upper four together. Heads terminal 
1652 Leaves linear-lanceolate lined 
1653 Stem decum. rounded smooth, Lvs. obi. lane, atten. at base, Stipules setose, Fl. whorled. Style exserted 
1654 Stem erect slightly downy. Leaves stalked oblong acute rough and pubescent at edge. Stamens exserted 
1655 Stem erect 4-cornered hairy. Leaves acute entire lined pubescent with very short hairs, Flowers termina- 
1656 Stem ascending very smooth 4-cornered, Leaves stalked ovate acuminate thin. Flowers whorled 
1657 Resembles Sp. verticillata, but the leaves are shorter and obtuse with a point, at the edge and back rough 
and Miscellaneous Particulars. 
mitted, the bones are found to be colored in concentric circles. In medicine, madder was formerly used in 
complamts of the kidnies. 
To cultivate the madder, choose a deep sandy loam, and prepare it by trenching or very deep ploughing. 
Plant cuttmgs of the roots m rows, eighteen inches by one foot in the row, in March, and the third year they 
may be taken up in September. The roots are next kiln-dried, and afterwards threshed to clean them from 
earth and dust. 1 hey are then drie^ a second time, and immediately afterwards pounded or stamped in a mill. 
It is cultivated extensively in Zealand, and especially in the isle of Schowen : round Avignon and in Lombardy 
oL?"^"^" °" narrow ridges, and irrigated by directing water along the furrows. 
268 Asperula. From asper, rough. The species cynanchica is so caUed from TcvvMyvi'v, to choak, it being a 
specific m cases of squmancy. The English name of this genus is supposed to be a corruption of the word wood- 
rowel, the whorls of leaves, according to Turner, representing certain kinds of " rowelles of sporres " All the 
species, excepting arvensis and cynanchica, will thrive in the shade and drip of trees in a moist soil. A. odorata 
ftas a pleasant scent like Anthoxanthum : it imparts a grateful flavor to wine, an agreeable perfume to clothes, 
^Ll^f"Z^\}^?^ ^''T l"^^^*^- ^^"'^ Jio'^ses, and from containing an acid principle, with 
much fixed alkaline salt, has been thought useful in obstructions of the liver and biliary ducts. The roots of 
A. t*nctoria are used in Gothland to dye wool a red color. 
M^S' '^^'ir?'"'^*"- named in honor of the famous Sherard, of whose noble garden at Eltham Dillenius's 
^o^^ ^ i ^ ^^^'"^ monument, and whose herbarium is still one of the few things which recom. 
rr!?o^ * Vl °^ ^ botanist. This is a little insignificant weed, by no means worthy to be conse- 
"|ted to the memory of so celebrated a man. 
of the tropS'^^^^^' ^^^^ seed, and ctxv,, point. The seeds have two remarkable points. The rubbisli 
