108 
TETRANDRIA TETRAGYNIA. 
Class IV. 
1850apetala W. 
1851 maritima E. B. 
1852 erecta Sm. 
320. TILL^'A. W. 
1853 muscosa W. 
321. RADFOLA. Sm. 
1854 miUegrana Sm. 
small-flowered 
sea-side 
glaucous 
TlLL^A. 
mossy 
Radiola. 
all-seed 
O w 
O w 
O w 
O cu 
O w 
A my.jn W 
I my.au W 
5 ap.my W 
Sempervivce. 
k jn.o PI 
Caryovihyllece. 
\ jl.au W 
Britain rub. S co 
Ireland sc. alp. S co 
Britain ... S co 
Sp. 1—4. 
England sa. he. S co 
Sp.\. 
Britain san. pi. S co 
Eng. bot. 881 
Eng. bot. 2195 
Eng. bot. 609 
Eng. bot. 116 
Eng. bot. 893 
History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 
nourishing. Tlie species are very common in dry pastures, where they are valuable for sheep-food. S. procum- 
bens is a small but troublesome weed in shaded garden-walks and paved courts, and with S. apetala, seeds the 
whole summer. Curtis remarks, that the latter species ripens its seeds more rapidly than almost any other 
plant. 
Class V. — PENTANDRI A. 5 Stamens. 
One of the most extensive of the Linnaean classes, and containing about a fifth part of all phaenogamous 
plants. It includes the whole of the Boraginece or Asperifoliae, Asclepiadeae, Apocynese, and Umbelliferee, 
nearly all Primulaceae, and portions of a great variety of other natural orders, among which many are orna- 
mental, and others valuable on account of their relation to medicine and the arts. 
The Boraginece are, in many instances, ornamental planes ; a few, such as Anchusa tinctoria are applied to 
economical purposes ; but the principal part are weeds of northern latitudes. They have been recently described 
and re-arranged in a scierktific manner by M. Lehmann, whose Monographia Asperifoliarum should have a 
place in every botanical library. 
The curious genus Stapelia is a part of the Asclepiadece, which order was in so unsettled and confused a state 
as to be a reproach to the science until it was remodelled by Mr. Brown, who first determined the just limits of 
its genera. The Apocyneje contain, among some poisonous plants, such as Echites venenata, the Oleander re- 
markable for the beauty of its flowers, and the Cream fruit and Picimmons of Sierra Leone, which are said 
to be excellent fruit-trees. 
Umbelliferous plants contain numerous species, some of which, like the Cicuta virosa, Conium maculatum, &c. 
are dangerous poisons, and others which are useful to mankind either as luxuries or necessaries. The seeds of 
caraway, coriander, &c. are commonly used by the confectioner, of dill and anise by the distiller; the blanched 
stems of celery and sweet fennel, and the roots and leaves of many others are among the best of British vegetables. 
The gum gnlbanum of the shops is said to be the produce of a plant of this tribe. Great difficulty exists in ascer- 
taining upon what principles the genera should be divided. Linnseus, contrary to his usual practice, attempted 
to derive their characters from the absence or presence of the involucrum ; Hoffman, Link, and Sprengel from 
pecuHarities in the fruit, or, as it is familiarly called, in the seeds. The characters of Sprengel, who has, as 
it were, grown old in the study of UmbelliferEB, are certainly deserving of attention ; but botanists are much 
divided in opinion upon their merits ; and, it is to be feared, that notwithstanding the labours of the learned 
men who have directed their study particularly to the consideration of the order, little real progress has been 
made in its final arrangement. In this work the arrangement of Sir James Smith has been adopted, as being 
the most simple of all that has been published, and the most easy of application. 
The plants belonging to Primulacea are beautiful border-flowers, or pretty alpine plants. In the same arti- 
ficial section with these, are found the elegant families of Convolvulus and Ipomaea, one or several species 
of which produce the jalap of the shops ; the various kinds of Epacris, which in New Holland rival the heaths 
of Southern Africa, and the splendid genus Azalea. 
Other sections include the teak wood of the East Indies ; the Sapodilla plum, and the Star apple, fine 
fruits of the West Indies ; solanum, well digested by Dunal ; the Jesuit's bark (Cinchona), of which no species 
has yet been brought alive to Europe ; the coffee tree, and many others. 
Pentandria Digynia contains little beyond the Asclepiadeee and Umbelliferse, already mentioned. The Su- 
mack, Guelder Rose, and Elder are contained in Trigynia ; in Tetragynia the paradoxical and curious Parnassia ; 
in Pentagynia, Crassula, Linum, and Statice, all ornamental genera ; and a few obscure weeds make up the 
last order, Polygynia. 
