490 
POLYANDRIA POLYGYNIA. 
Class XIII. 
1239. CAL'THA. W. Marsh- Marygold. 
8088 radicans L. T. creeping A or 
8089 palustris W. common = A or 
^ flore plena double-flower 'd ^ A or 
1240. HYDROPEL'TIS. H. K. Hydropeltis. 
8090 purpurea H. K. purple ^ Al cu 
1241. HYDRAS'TIS. W. Hydrastis. 
8091 canadensis W. Canadian ^ _AJ or 
D m.s Linn. tr.8. 1. 17 
D m.s Eng. bot. 506 
D m.s 
Ranunculacece. Sp. 2 — 1. 
^ ap.my Y Scotland sc. ma, 
1 ap.my Y Britain mar, 
1 ap.my Y 
Hydropeltidece. Sp. 1. 
jl.au R N. Amer. 1798. D m.s Bot. mag. 1147 
Ranunailacecs. Sp. 1. 
i my.jn G Canada 1759, D m.l Mil, ic. 2. t. 285 
8087 
8090 1 ^ ^ 8091 
History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 
1239. Caltha. A syncope of y^aXx^o;, a goblet, in allusion to the form of the corolla, which may be likened 
to a golden cup. The flower-buds of C. palustris, gathered before they expand, are said to be a good substitute 
for capers. The juice of the petals boiled with alum dyes paper yellow. The whole plant is acrid, and not 
eaten by cows, unless in case of extreme hunger. 
Class XIV. — DIDYNAMIA. 4 Stamens, of which two are shorter than the others. 
, This class, which, as its name applies, depends upon the presence of four stamens in the corolla, two of them 
being longer than the others, is, with the exception of Syngenesia and Gynandria, the most natural and best 
defined of all Linnaeus's great groups, or, as he named them, classes. It is divided into two orders, called Gym- 
nospermia and Angiospermia. 
Gymnospermia contains all the genera with what are popularly but erroneously called by the Linnsan school 
of botany, naked seeds. It answers to the natural order of Labiatze of Jussieu's method, with the exception of 
some genera which are excluded on account of having only two stamens, and are found in Diandria. Nearly 
all the class consists of herbaceous plants, those which are called shrubs being for the most part herbaceous 
plants, whose stems, from the mildness of the climate in which they grow, become perennial. The most re- 
markable plants are the rosemary, hyssop, balm, thyme, mint, and marjoram, for the kitchen or laboratory; 
and the various species of Teucrium, Lavandula, Phlomis, and Dracocephalum, for the flower garden. 
In Angiospermia are included the genera with numerous, or rarely a few, seeds, enclosed in a simple pericar- 
pium. These would be combined in a manner not altogether unnatural, if some of the genera were excluded. 
For instance, the beautiful Linnaja, the emblem of the most highly gifted naturalist the world has ever pro- 
duced, belongs to Caprifoliaceas, and stands alone in point of natural affinity ; the same may be said of Melian- 
thus. The greater part of ScrophularincEe, ail Melampyraceee and Orobancheee, and nearly the whole of Ver- 
benace£e and Gesneriea; are found here. A considerable portion of Acanthacete also occupy a station in this 
order. Among these are many genera of much beauty, but few of interest as useful plants. Among the or- 
namental families every one will recognize the Bignonia, with its elegant orange or yellow trumpet flowers, and 
frequently twining stem ; the Jacaranda, with its fern-like umbrageous foliage and magnificent diadem of 
blue; the Acanthus, consecrated to sculpture; the noble Clerodendrum, the pride of the Japanese; and the 
modest Eyebrights (Euphrasia) of our English meadows. In one part of the class we have the Vervain, sur- 
rounded by its mystic moonlight charms ; in another, the Antirrhinum tribe, remarkable for the grotesque 
resemblance of its blossoms to the snouts of animals ; and close behind it, imperial Pedicularis, proudly 
rearing her heraldic honours among the snows and deserts of the frozen north. These are succeeded by a 
long line of forms, principally European, and of various degrees of beauty. Among the useful plants. Digitalis, 
used in medicine, and Sesamum as oil seed, are all which can be particularized. 
Order 1. GYMNOSPERMIA. ffi Pericarpium divided into four lobes resembling 
^ naked seeds. 
1242. Ajuga. Upper lip of cor. very minute, 2-toothed. Stamens longer than upper lip. 
1243. Anisomeles. Calyx tubular, 10-striated, 5-cleft. Upper lip of corolla small, entire ; lower trifid, with 
the middle segment 2-lobed. Stamens exserted, ascending. Anthers of the short stamens 2-celled, with close 
cells ; of the longer halved or dissimilar. Seeds smooth. 
1244. Teucrium. Upper lip of cor. none, 2-parted beyond the base. Stamens exserted. 
1245. Westringia. Cal. campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla subrotate, with the upper segment bifid. Two of 
the anthers barren. 
1246. Satureja. Cal. tubular, striated. Segments of corolla nearly equal. Stamens distant. 
