Order II. 
POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. 
6.55 
10977 Petioles lin. very short, Lvs. ovate retuse. Flowers racemose 
10978 Petioles sublinear straight. Branches ascending unarmed. Fruit depressed. Skin separated from flesh 
10979 Petioles naked, Lvs. obi. acute, Fl, 40-androus, Fruit obi. rugose with acid pulp 
10980 Petioles winged, Lvs. blunt emarg. Fruit very large with a thick skin 
and Miscellaneous Particulars. 
of gardening. There the names of varieties vary as much as those of gooseberries do in England ; but frot.-i 
upwards of 180 names, not above 40 distinct sorts can be procured. Good plants of the Maltese and otlier 
varieties of orange may be procured from Malta; and some sorts also from Lisbon. From the nurseries at 
Paris about thirty sorts may be obtained, much smaller plants than those from the other places named, but 
more scientifically grafted or inoculated. The catalogues of London nurserymen enumerate above thirty 
varieties of oranges, twelve of lemons, and several varieties of the other species ; the plants are partly Genoese, 
partly French, and partly propagated here. 
The C. aurantium, the common orange; orange, Fr., pomoranxe, Ger., and arancio, Ital., is a middle-sized 
evergreen tree, with a greenish-brown bark ; and, in its wild state, with prickly branches. The fruit is nearly 
round, from two to three inches in diameter, and of a gold color. It is now cultivated in most countries of 
Europe ; in the open air in Italy and Spain ; and in conservatories or greenhouses in Britain and the north of 
Europe. 
The two principal varieties are the sweet or China orange, the orange douce of the French, and porto-gallo 
oxpoma de sino of tlie Italians ; and the bitter or Seville, the bigarade of the French, and arancio volgaro of 
the Italians. The Maltese orange, distinguished by its red pulp, is also a noted and much-esteemed sort. The 
box-leaved, willow-leaved, and some others, are cultivated more as curious varieties than for their fruit. 
C. Medica, the citron, citron, Fr., citronier, Ger., and cedrate, Ital., in its wild state grows to the height of 
about eight feet, erect and prickly, with long reclining branches. The leaves are ovate, oblong, alternate, sub- 
serrate, smooth, pale green. The fruit or berry is half a foot in length, ovate, with a protuberance at the lip. 
There are two rinds, the outer thin, with innumerable miliary glands, full of a most fragrant oil ; the inner 
thick, white, and fungous. 
In China they have a variety of the C. Medica, of very considerable size, quite solid, with scarcely any pulp 
or cells, and divided at the end into five or more long round lobes, on which account it is called Phat tliu, or 
finger-orange. The fruit is laid upon fine porcelain vessels in the sitting-rooms of the Chinese, for the sake of 
its agreeable perfume. 
Dr. Sickler enumerates only about a dozen citrons and citronates as grown in Italy. The French nurseries 
have nearly twenty names in their lists. In England six are cultivated for sale. 
C. lAmonxxm, the Xf^raon; limon,Yx., limonier, Ger., and limone, Ital., has the fruit less knobbed at the 
extremities, is rather longer and more irregular, and the skin is thinner than in the citron ; the wood is more 
knotty, and the bark rougher. - 
Dr. Sickler enumerates twenty-eight varieties as grown in Italy. The French, according to Ville Herv6 
have eleven sorts ; in the London nurseries are cultivated twelve. 
C. Limetta, the lime, by some esteemed a variety of the C. Medica, lime, Fr., Ital., and Ger., grows to the 
height of about eight feet, with a crooked trunk, and many diffused branches, with prickles. The leaves are 
ovate lanceolate, almost quite entire. Berry an inch and a half in diameter, almost globular, with a pro- 
tuberance at the top ; the surface regular, shining, greenish-yellow, with a very odorous rind, enclosing a very 
acid juice. 
The French have two sorts of lime; and, according to Dr. Sickler, the Italians have four varieties; five 
kinds are grown in the London nurseries. 
C. decumana, the shaddock, orange pampelmouse, Tt., arancio massimo, Ital., is above the middle size, with 
spreading prickly branches. The leaves are ovate, subacute, seldom obtuse ; the petioles are cordate, winged ; 
the wings as broad as the leaves. The berry spheroidal, frequently retuse at each end, of an even surface, and 
greenish-yellow color; pulp red or white; juice sweet or acid; rind white, thick, fungous, and bitter. 
Thunberg says, the fruit in Japan grows to the size of a child's head, and Dr. Sickler states its weight as 
fourteen pounds, and its diameter as from seven to eight inches. It is a native of China and Japan, and was 
brought to the West Indies by Captain Shaddock, from whom it has derived its name. 
The Italians, according to Dr. Sickler, have one, and the French, according to the Nouveau Cours, &c., 
four sorts. Four are grown in the English nurseries. 
All the sorts may be propagated by seeds, cuttings, layers, and grafting, or inoculation. 
The object of raising plants from seed is either to obtain new varieties or stocks for grafting. To attempt 
raising new varieties in Britain will in general be found a tedious process, as the trees do not even in Italy 
show fruit for six or eight years or more ; and there is now in the botanic garden at Toulon, a large handsome 
tree, of twenty-five years' growth, which in 1819 had not blossomed. Shaddock stocks are the strongest, and 
next to these the citron. Budding and grafting are performed at the usual season ; but these operations may 
be performed at any time when the sap is in motion. 
Henderson, of Woodhall, a most superior cultivator of the Citrus tribe, considers cuttings as the quickest 
mode of getting plants, and has practised it for thirty-seven years past : his directions are as follows : " Take 
the strongest young shoots, and also a quantity of the two years old shoots ; these may be cut into lengths 
from nine inches to eighteen inches. Take the leaves off the lower part of each cutting to the extent of about 
five inches, allowing the leaves above that to remain untouched : then cut righi across, under an eye ; and 
make a small incision in an angular direction on the bottom of the cutting. When the cuttings are thus 
prepared, take a pot, and fill it with sand ; size the cuttings, so that the short ones may be all together, and 
those that are taller in a different pot. Then, with a small dibble, plant them about five inches deep in the 
sand, and give them a good watering overhead, to settle the sand about them. Let them stand a day or two 
