Oruer I. 
SYNGENESIA ^QUALIS. 
681 
11345 Leaves cordate petiolate 
1134rt Cauline leaves cordate stalked entire, In vol. cobwebbed downy 
11347 Invol. woolly : inner scales subulate somew. colored scarcely longer than outer, Racemes axill. panicled 
11348 Leaves sharply serrate glab. pinnatifid : the terminal lobe the largest. Flowers in a small clust. umbel 
11349 Leaves serrated unequally pinnate of about 5-pairs, Pinnie confluent, Pedunc. 1-fl. FI. nsyed 
11350 Lvs. serrated unequally pinn. of about 2-pairs, Pinnaj confluent, Pedunc. l-it Inner scales of invol. long 
11351 Lvs. lin. lane, hirsute revolute at edge. Stem l-fl. vill. Scales of invol. ov.-lanc. apprcssed [colored 
113.52 Leaves lin. entire hirsute, Fl. terminal corymbose 
11353 Leaves lin. eiitire downy beneath revolute at edge. Corymb fastigiatc 
11354 Leaves pinnatifid oblique acute smooth unarmed, Scales of invol. mucronate : inner scarious 
11355 Leaves pinnatifid: lobes distant. Stem nearly simple 1-flowei-ed, Invol. globose squarrose 
11356 Like S. tinctoria, but the lower leaves are oval and entire 
11357 Leaves pectinate-pinnatiiid naked : segm. lin. unarme.i ; terminal ovate. Scales of invol. ov. mucronate 
11358 Invol. unarmed somewhat awned radiate, Leaves pinnatifid 
11359 Leaves ov. pinnatifid toothed unarmed hoary beneath : upper sess. Stem 1-fl. Scales of invol. ov. unarmed 
11360 Leaves lin. entire downy beneath. Corymb nearly simple, Invol. ob!. ovate downy 
11361 Invol. ovate: scales roundish scarious at edge. Leaves lane, lower somewhat toothed at base 
11362 Stem somewliat downy, Lvs. obi. acute narrowed at base serrated, Fl. subsessile, Invol. unarmed 
11363 Lvs. downy beneath somewhat toothed : radical cord, stalked, Cauhne lane, decurrent, Invol. squarrose 
11364 Invol. corymb, somewhat downy. Leaves fleshy smooth : radical lyrate hastate, Cauline hastate 
11365 Leaves villous beneath toothed : i-adic. ovate-lanc. Flov/ers terminal somewhat umbelled 
11366 Lvs, downy beneath toothed : radio, ovate-subcordate ; cauline ovate-lanc. Fl. terminal somew. umbelled 
11367 Leaves decurrent toothed spiny, Pedunc. naked very long 1-fl. Invol. spiny inclining 
11368 Lvs. half decurrent obi. spmy-toothed som.ewiiat fleshy smooth glauc. beneath, Pedunc. very long 1-fl. 
11369 Leaves obi. decurrent suiuate spiny with white veins villous fieneath, Fl. sessile clustered, Invol. cylind. 
11370 Leaves decurrent spinous, Fl. drooping. Scales of the invol. lane, cottony : outer ones spreading 
11371 Leaves decurrent pinnatifid downy : segments palmate spiny, Flowers clustered 
11372 Leaves decurrent runcinate spiny, Pedunc. somewhat downy 1-fl. Invol. ovate mucronate unarmed 
11373 Leaves decurrent sinuate spiny smooth, Pedunc. short subcorymbose downy 
11374 Leaves decurrent si)iny glabrous, Pedunc. erect 1-fl. unarmed 
11375 Lvs. decur. sinuated spinous, Invol. globose ne.irly sess. : its scales lin. slightly recurved [lane, erect 
11376 Lvs. decurrent sinuated spinous somew. cottony beneath, Invol. nearly cylindr. clustered sess. their scales 
11377 Lvs. decurrent obi. sinuated spiny at edge downy beneath, Fl. stalked clustered terminal 
11378 Lvs. decurrent lane, pinnatifid toothed spiny vill. beneath, Pedunc. 1-fl. downy. Scales of invol. sub. spiny 
11379 Leaves half decurrent lane, pinnatifid spiny downy beneath, Pedunc. scaly downy 
11380 Caul. lvs. half decurrent obi. undivided spiny toothed subvillous beneath : radic. pinnatifid at base 
11381 Leaves decurrent sinuated ciliated naked beneath, Fl. stalked heaped 
11382 Leaves half decurrent pinnatifid toothed spiny white witli down beneath, Fl. subsessile term, clustered 
11383 Leaves half decurrent toothed sinuate spiny smooth. Flowers panicled 
11384 Leaves decurrent pinnatifid sinuated downy spiny, Pedunc. naked downy, Invol. deciduous 
11385 Lvs. downy beneath : upper finely decurrent lin. Stem 1-fi. Scales of invol, lane, mucron. downy 
11386 Lvs. decurrent deeply pinnatifid : segments toothed upwards spiny with setaceous cilicE at end 
11387 Leaves half decurrent pinnatifid acuminate : segm. 2-lobed ciliated spiny, Pedunc. downy 
11388 Leaves half decurrent pinnatifid-serrate somew. spiny ciliated naked : radic. imdivided, Pedunc. very long 
11389 Leaves adnate at base lane, naked eroded ciliate-spiny unarmed [woolij 
11390 Leaves unarmed : radic. ovate toothed somewhat cut at base; cauline sessile pinnatifid linear 
lljjl Leaves naked : radical obi. entire; cauline lane, somewhat toothed, Scales of invol. ovate mucronate 
and Miscellaneous Particulars. 
points with which it is beset. C. marianus, the milk-thistle, derived its name from the Virgin Mary, some of 
whose mdk is said to have fallen upon the leaves of the plant, and changed them to white. An extensive genus 
of rather handsome weeds. C. Personata is said to have been so called, because its ample leaves were formerly 
used as a mask (persona). Some of the gigantic species make handsome ornaments for the shrubbery, but 
the greatest number are nuisances to the husbandman ; some on account of their deep vivacious roots, which 
cannot be eradicated without extreme difficulty ; but the greater number because of their bulky herbage, and 
the extensive dissemination of their seeds by the wind. 
The footstalks of the leaves of most or all of the species of this and the allied genera might be eaten in the 
manner of Cardoons, if similarly blanched. The dried flowers of C. arabicus and nutans will curdle milk. 
The seeds of all the species of Serratula, Cnicus, Onopordum, and similar genera, are greedily eaten by small 
birds, especially the finches. 
The Carduineas of M. Cassini difFer from Carlincce of the same author, in the filaments being hairy or papil- 
lose, from Centaurie£E in the structure of ovarium and of pappus, and from Echinopseje, to which they bear a 
general resemblance, by many very important characters. The species inhabit Europe, Asia, and Africa ; there 
are scarcely any in America, and none in the southern hemisphere. 
