682 
SYNGENESIA ^QUALIS. 
Class XIX. 
1664.. 
11392 
11393 
1665. 
11394 
11395 
11396 
11397 
11398 
11399 
11400 
11401 
11402 
11403 
11404 
11405 
11406 
11407 
11408 
11409 
11410 
11411 
11412 
11413 
11414 
11415 
11416 
11417 
11418 
11419 
11420 
11421 
11422 
11423 
11424 
11425 
11426 
11427 
11428 
11429 
11430 
11431 
11432 
11433 
11434 
11435 
11436 
11437 
11438 
11439 
SFLYBUM. Gcertn. Silibum. 
marianum Ga;rin. milk ^ 
cernuum Gcertn. 
CNI'CUS. W. 
palustris W. 
canus IV. 
A cam a W. 
nodding ^ 
Horse Thistle. 
Q) w 
A or 
marsh 
hoary 
winged 
monspessulanus W. Montpelier 
lanceolatus W. 
ferox W. 
cihatus W. 
eriophorus W. 
discolor W. 
altissimus W. 
pratensis W. 
heterophyllus W. 
helenioides IV. 
serratuloides W. 
elatior Link. 
uliginosus Bieb. 
pannonicus W. 
strictus Tenore. 
desertorum Fisch. 
serrulatus Bieb. 
laniflurus Bieb. 
arachnoideus Bieb. 
strigosus Bieb. 
horridus Bieb. 
scleranthus Bieb. 
echinatus W. 
inermis W. 
ambiguus Pers. 
orgyalis W. 
setosus Bieb. 
carthamoides W. 
arvensis Ph. 
Serrdtula arvensis W 
Carduus arvensis E. B. 
A or 
O or 
A or 
Q) w 
Q) or 
A or 
Q) or 
Q) or 
A or 
A w 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
woolly-flowered;^ A or 
A 
common 
prickly 
fringed _ 
woolly-headed 
two-colored ^ 
giant ^ 
meadow ^ 
melancholy 
Elecampane-lv. ^ 
Saw-wort-like 
tall 
swamp 
Hungarian 
upright 
desert 
serrulate 
cobwebbed 
strigose 
liorrid 
hard-headed 
echinate 
unarmed 
doubtful 
lofty 
setose 
Carthamus-like^ 
corn or way ^ 
or 
O) or 
O) or 
Q) or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
CD or 
A or 
A w 
CompositcB. 
Sp. 2—5. 
5 
jl 
Pu 
Britain 
banks. S 
CO 
Eng. bot. 976 
4 
jn.jl 
Y 
Siberia 
1755. 
D 
CO 
Gmel. sib.2. t.l9 
ComposHcB. 
Sp. 52—114. 
S 
3 
jl.au 
Pu 
Britain 
m.pas. 
CO 
Eng. bot. 974 
4 
jl.au 
Pu 
Austria 
1633. 
D 
CO 
Jac.aust.l.t.42.3 
2 
jl.s 
Pu 
Spain 
1683. 
S 
CO 
Cav. ic. 1 . t. 53 
2 
jn.jl 
Pu 
Montpel. 
1596. 
D 
CO 
3 
jn.s 
Pu 
Britain 
banks. S 
CO 
Eng. bot. 107 
3 
jl.au 
Pu 
S. Europe 1683. 
S 
CO 
All.ped.'l. t.50 
3 
au 
Pu 
Siberia 
1787. 
D 
CO 
Mur.co.got.6. t.5 
2 
jl.au 
Pu 
Britain 
ch.pa. 
S 
CO 
Eng. bot. 386 
2 
jl.au 
Pu 
N. Amer. 1803. 
S 
CO 
6 
au.s 
Pu 
N. Amer. 1726. 
D 
CO 
Dil. elt. t.69. f 80 
3 
jn 
Pu 
Britain 
m.pas. 
D CO 
Eng. bot. 177 
2 
jl.au 
Pu 
Britain 
m.al.p. 
D 
CO 
Eng. bot. 675 
6 
jl.au 
Pu 
Siberia 
1804. 
D CO 
3 
jn.o 
Pu 
Siberia 
1752. 
D 
CO 
Jac. aust. 2.t.l27 
6 
jn.o 
Pu 
1823. 
D 
CO 
3 
jn.jl 
Pu 
Caucasus 
1820. 
D 
CO 
3 
jl.s 
Pa.pu Austria 
1816. 
D 
CO 
2 
jl.s 
Pu 
Naples 
1819. 
D 
CO 
3 
jl.s 
Pu 
Siberia 
1824. 
D 
CO 
3 
jl.au 
Pu 
Tauria 
1820. 
D 
CO 
2 
jl.au 
Pu 
Tauria 
1819. 
D 
CO 
2 
jl.au 
Pu 
Tauria 
1818. 
D 
CO 
2 
au.s 
Pu 
Caucasus 
1825. 
D 
CO 
11 
au.s 
Pu 
Iberia 
1823. 
S 
CO 
2^ 
jl.au 
Pu 
Caucasus 
1820. 
s 
CO 
1 
jl.au 
Pu 
Barbary 
1817. 
D 
CO 
3 
jl.au 
Pu 
1824. 
D 
CO 
2 
jl.au 
Pu 
M. Cenis 
1820. 
D 
CO 
6 
jl.au 
Pu 
1823. 
D 
CO 
jn.jl 
Pu 
Silesia 
1822. 
S 
CO 
jl.au 
Pu 
Siberia 
1818. 
D 
CO 
2 
jl 
Pu 
Britain 
ro.sid. D 
CO 
Eng. bot. 975 
rivularis W. 
pauciflorus W. 
tataricus W. 
rigens W. 
carniolicus W. 
olei'aceus W. 
munitus W. en. 
obvallatus Bieb. 
Erisithales W. 
ocliroleucus W. 
tuber6sus W. 
acaulis W. 
Casabunse W. 
afer W. 
river A or 
few-flowered ^ (J) or 
Tartarian ^ 
upright Alpine ^ 
Carniolian 
pale-flowered 
armed 
bracteate 
clammy 
pale-yellow 
tuberous 
dwarf 
Fish-bone 
Barbary 
11401 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A or 
A pr 
T71 or 
12 or 
3 jl.au 
2 jl.au 
lijl.au 
li jl.au 
2 ji.au 
3 jl.au 
3 ■ 
3 
3 
ji.au 
jl.au 
jn.au 
jl 
au.o 
jl.au 
jn.au 
jn.jl 
Pu 
Pu 
W 
Pu 
Pa.Y 
Pa.Y 
Pu 
Pu 
Pu 
Pa.Y 
Pu 
Pu 
Pu 
Pu 
11393 
Hungary 1804. 
Hungary 1816. 
Siberia 1775. 
Switzerl. 1775. 
Carniola 1792. 
Europe 1.570. 
Caucasus 1816. 
Caucasus 1816. 
France 1752. 
Switzerl. 1801. 
England woods. 
Britain gra.pa. 
S. Europe 1714. 
Barbarv 1800. 
S CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
S p.l 
S CO 
Jac. aust. 1. 1. 91 
Pl.rar.hu.2.t.l61 
Jac. aust. 1. t. 90 
Act. helv. 4. t.l6 
Sc.ca.n.l005.t.52 
Fl. dan. 860 
Jac. aust. 4.t.310 
Lob. ic. t. 10. f. 2 
Eng. bot. 161 
Schmd.ic.t.51,52 
Bot. mag. 2287 
11391^ 
, History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 
1664. sunburn. A name under which Greek writers describe a plant not well known at present. Sprengel 
refers it to S. marianum. This plant was formerly cultivated, and the young leaves used in spring as a salad, 
or boiled as pot greens ; the young stalks, peeled and soaked in water, to extract a part of their bitterness, were 
also eaten, and were said to be excellent. In the spring of the second year, the root is prepared like salsafy or 
skirret ; and the receptacle of the flower is pulpy, and eats like that of the artichoke. In Apulia the whole 
plant is much used as fodder for cattle. 
1665. Cnicus. This is a name under which Dioscorides describes a prickly rough plant ; derived from xvtioj, 
to prick. It is now referred to a tribe of plants having such characters in an eminent degree. Acarna and 
Erisithales are both names by which the ancients distinguished plants, either the very same as those now so 
called, or very similar to them. The tender stalks of C. palustris, as of most of the species, being peeled, are 
eatable either raw or boiled. C. arvensis is well known as one of the most troublesome weeds in arable 
land. It is never found, however, in very sandy, gravelly, or peaty soils ; but generally in such as are loamy 
and dry. An instance is given in the Farmer's Magazine, of the descending roots of this plant having been 
dug out of a quarry nineteen feet long ; nor is it less remarkable for its horizontal roots. Mr. Curtis planted 
about two inches of a root in his garden in April, and by November following it had thrown out under ground 
stolones on every side, some of them eight feet long ; some of these stolones had thrown up leaves five feet 
