Order I. 
SYNGENESIA ^QUALIS. 
683 
11392 Lvs. amplexicaul. waved spinous : racUc. ones pinnati. Scales of invol. subfoliac. recurved spinous at margin 
11393 Leaves downy beneath ovate toothed : radical cord. Petioles winged toothed, Invol. subsolitary cernuous 
11394 Lvs. decurrent scabr. pinnatif. spinous, Invol. ovate clustered their scales ovate-lanc. mucro. appressed 
11395 Lvs. half decurrent somew. hoary lane, ciliate spiny, Pedunc. naked downy solit. Scales of invol. appressed 
11396 Leaves decurrent lane, hoary toothed spiny, Fl. aggregate involucrate, Invol. with pinnated spines 
11397 Lvs. decurrent lane, smooth subrepand uneq. ciliated, Pedunc. naked downy alternate [lane, spreading 
11398 Lvs. decurr. hispid pinnatif their segm. generally 2-lobed spreading spinous, Invol. ov. foment, their scales 
11399 Lvs. subdecurr. pinnatif : segm. 2-lobedspreadingspinyvill. beneath, Invol. hemispher. sessile 
11400 Lvs. amplexicaul. hispid pinnatif : segm.'2-lobed spreading spiny downy beneath, Invol. ovate 
11401 Leaves sess. pinnatif every other segm. pointing upwards spin, scabr. Involucres spherical woolly 
11402 Leaves sess. pinnatif hairy downy beneath: segm. 2-lobed spreading spiny, Invol. globose with cobweb down 
11403 Leaves sess. obi. lane, scabrous downy beneath toothed ciliated : radie. pinnatifid, Invol. bracteate ovate 
11404 Leaves sess. lane, waved at the edge and unequally spin, pubesc. cottony beneath, P'lowers mostly solitary 
11405 Lvs. amplexic. lane, ciliato-dentate undivided or laeiniated white and downy beneath, Fl. mostly solitary 
1140S Lvs. subcordate amplexicaul. lane, ciliated downy beneath : lower somewhat cut, Fl. clustered 
11407 Lvs. lane, sessile ciliated strigose beneath : radical sinuated. Scales of invol. recurved at end 
11408 Lvs. pinnatifid with strong spines somewhat downy beneath, Fl. sess. aggregate, Lvs. of invol. spiny 
11409 Lvs. half decurr. obi. sinuate toothed spiny lioary beneath, Heads close together with appressed scales 
11410 Leaves half decurrent lane, entire ciliated, Pedunc. very long 1-fl. woolly 
11411 Very like C. arvensis, but the leaves are decurrent 
11412 Stem somew. downy. Lower lvs. sinuate-toothed with strong spines rough above finely downy beneath 
11413 Lvs. amplexic. hispid pinnatitid : segm. 2-lobed spreading spiny downy beneath. Heads ov. glabrous spiny 
11414 Lvs. amplexic. hispid pinnatif : segm. 2-lobed spread, spiny downy beneath, Heads ov. cobwebbed witli down 
11415 Lvs. amplexic. hispid pinnatif : segm. 2-lobed spread, spiny beneath naked subvillous, Heads ov. cobwebbed 
11416 Lvs. amplexic. hispid pinnatifid : segm. 2-lobed spreading spiny naked beneath, Heads ov. glabrous 
11417 Lvs. amplexicaul. hispid pinnatifid prickly : segm. angular lobed spiny. Heads nodding cobwebbed 
11418 Stem branched many-fl Heads terminal solitary spiny at base, Lvs. am))lexicaul. sinuate toothed spiny 
11419 Leaves sess. pinnatifid hispid woolly beneath : segm. 2-lobed spreading spiny, Invol. ovate woolly 
11420 Leaves sess. lane, cut-toothed : radical, pinnatifid. Scales of invol. ovate lane, membranous at edge 
11421 Leaves ciliate spiny downy beneath : lower stalked obi. aeum. subsinuate; upper pinnatifid auricled 
11422 Like the last, but the leaves of involuerum are reflexed 
11423 Leaves obi. smooth serrulate with bristly cilice blunt mucro. Stem corymbose 
11424 Leaves unarmed sess. obi. toothed: radical undivided and pinnatifid, Invol. scarious villous 
11425 Leaves sess. pinnati. spin. Stem panicled, Invol. ovate, Scales appressed raucronated 
11426 Leaves toothed ciliated naked : eauline amplexicaul. : lower and radical pinnatifid, Fl. clustered capitate 
11427 Leaves amplexicaul. ovate sublyrate ciliate serrate scabrous : radic. lyrate, Fl. clustered 
11428 Leaves ample-xicaul. obi. lane, toothed eiliate-spiny, Pedunc. 1-fl. Invol. bracteate 
11429 Leaves sess. pinnatifid : segm. cut serrate spiny at edge, Invol. bracteate: scales ovate appressed 
11430 Leaves cordate amplexicaul. ovate obi. toothed ciliated : radical obi. blunt ciliated sinuate 
11431 Leaves amplexicaul. cord, pinnatif ciliate serr. Fl. terminal subracemose bracteate, Bractes colored ovate 
11432 Leaves amplexicaul. obi. pinnatif toothed spiny hispid above downy beneath, Term. fl. sess. axill. stalked 
11433 Leaves amplexicaul. pinnatif. toothed spiny glabrous, Fl. term, aggreg. sess. surrounded by colored bractes 
11434 Leaves amplexicaul. pinnatifid ciliated, Pedunc. cernuous, Invol. glutinous : scales lane, spreading 
11435 Leaves amplexic. pinnati. -downwards ciliated: pinnae lane. 3-nerved ; upper confluent, Pedunc. cernuous 
11436 Leaves amplexicaul. pinnatifid eiliate-spiny : segm. 2-lobed toothed upwards at the base 
11437 Stemless, Invol. glabrous 
11438 Leaves sess. lane, entire downy beneath with triple spines at the edge, Fl. axill. sessile 
11439 Leaves sess. lane, downy beneath subrepand : lobes emarg. with 2 spines, Fl. stalked subcorymbose 
from the original root. The whole together, when dug up and washed, weighed four pounds. In the spring 
following, it again made its appearance, on or about where the small piece was originally planted. There were 
between fifty and sixty young plants, which must have sprung from fragments of the roots that had eluded the 
gardener's search, though he was particularly careful in extracting them. From these facts it may readily l)e 
conceived how difficult it is to eradicate this weed from arable land ; a naked fallow, with frequent and deep 
ploughing, will not accomplish it, unless the season is more than usually dry. Laying land down to grass, 
keeping it in that state seven or eight years, and during the whole time pulling up every shoot as soon 
as it appears, is found fully more effectual than a naked fallow. But the plant is so common by road 
sides, and seeds so abundantly, that it is hardly possible to effect its extermination. In common field 
lands, and others indifferently cultivated, it often forms the larger half of the produce, and formerly used 
to be pulled when beginning to come into flower, and given as food to horses and cows. Those who pull 
this weed require to be furnished with strong gloves, or thistle pincers. {Ency. of Agr. § 2394.) Some 
English botanists seem doubtful if horses and cows will eat it; but those who know any thing of the 
history of agriculture in Scotland will recollect, that before the introduction of naked fallows and turnips, it 
formed the suppering of housed cattle, during five or six weeks of every summer. The ashes of the plant yield 
a very pure vegetable alkali. C. canus has fleshy white roots like the skirret, and may be dressed and eaten 
11126 
and Miscellaneous Particulars. 
