G84 
SYNGENESIA ^^QUALIS. 
Class XIX. 
11440 
11441 
11442 
11443 
11444 
11445 
1666. 
11446 
11447 
11448 
11449 
11450 
11451 
11452 
11453 
11454 
1667. 
11455 
166S. 
11456 
11457 
11458 
11459 
11460 
11451 
11462 
1669, 
11463 
11464 
11465 
11466 
11467 
11468 
11469 
11470 
11471 
diacanthus Lab. 
stellatus W 
syriacus IF. 
spinosissimus JV. 
centauroides JV. 
uniflorus IF. 
ONOPOR'DUM. 
Acaiithiuni JV. 
tauricum JV. 
two-spined TTI or 
starry O or 
Syrian O or 
feathery-head. A or 
Artichoke-lvd. A or 
one-flowered ^ A or 
JV. Cotton Thistle. 
woolly 
Taurian 
macracaiithuni JV. long-spined 
illyricum IV. 
deltoideum JV. 
grte'cum JV. 
cynaroides Stev. 
arabicum JV. 
acafdon JV. 
Illyrian 
Siberian 
Grecian 
artichoke 
Arabian 
dwarf 
BERAR'DIA. yill. Berardia. 
subacaulis F. S. round-leaved 
A'rctimn lanugindsum Dec. 
CY'NARA. JV. Artichoke. 
Scolymus JV. 
horrida JV. 
Cardunculus IV. 
humilis JV. 
acaulis JV. 
glomerata Th.* 
pygmje'a JV. 
CARLI'NA. JV. 
acanthifolia JV. 
acaidis JV. 
simplex F. S. 
aggregata JV. 
lanata JV. 
corymbosa JV. 
vulgaris JV. 
racemosa JV. 
pyrenaica JV. 
:^ Q) or 
^ Q) or 
O or 
^ Q) or 
^ A or 
O or 
^ Q) or 
^O) ov 
^ Q> ox 
^ A pr 
3 jn.jl 
Pu 
Syria 
1800. 
S 
CO 
Lab.ic.pl.sy.2.t.3 
2 jn.jl 
Pu 
Italy 
1665. 
S 
CO 
Triumf.obs. t.96 
lijl.au 
W 
Levant 
1771. 
S 
CO 
Camer.hort. t.lO 
3 jn.au 
Pa.Y 
Switzerl. 
1759. 
D 
CO 
Bot.mag. 1366 
3 jl.au 
Pu 
Pyrenees 1640. 
n 
CO 
Moris.s.7.t.2.'>.f.2 
2 jl.au 
Vi 
Siberia 
1796. 
D 
CO 
Gmel. sib.2. t.38 
Compusitie. 
Sp. 9—14. 
iiiiig. uot. y / / 
6 jl.au 
Pu 
Britain 
gra.ba. S 
12 jl.au 
Pu 
Tauria 
1800. 
s 
CO 
10 jl.au 
Pu 
Barbary 
1798. 
s 
CO 
Schou.niaroc.t.5 
6 jl.au 
Pu 
S. Europe 1648. 
s 
CO 
Jac.vind.2. t.i48 
12 au 
Pu 
Siberia 
1784. 
D 
CO 
10 jn.jl 
Pu 
Levant 
1799. 
D 
CO 
Gouan. ill. t. 25 
10 jn 
\V 
Caucasus 
1823. 
s 
CO 
8 ji 
Pu 
S. Europe 1686. 
s 
CO 
Jac. vind.2. t.l49 
i jl.au 
\V 
1739. 
s 
CO 
Jac. ic. 1. 1. 167 
Composites. 
Sp. 1. 
lijl.au 
Pu 
Italy 
1791. 
D 
CO 
Vil.dauph.3.t.22 
garden 
A 
cul 
8 
au.s 
Pu 
Madeira 
lAJ 
or 
6 
au.s 
Pu 
Cardoon 
A 
cul 
5 
au.s 
Pu 
dwarf 
A 
un 
Ih 
jl.au 
B 
stemless 
A 
un 
r 
ji 
Pu 
Cape 
lAJ 
un 
2 
jl.au 
Pu 
pigmy 
A 
un 
1 
jl.au 
Pu 
Carline Thistle. 
Comvosita:. 
Acanthus-lvd. 
A 
or 
2 
jii 
W 
dwarf 
A 
or 
jn 
W 
single-flowered 
A 
or 
1|' 
j"-jl 
W 
clustered 
A 
or 
jn.s 
W 
woolly 
O 
or 
3 
jn.jl 
Pu 
corymbed 
A 
or 
3 
jl.au 
Y 
common 
O) 
w 
li 
jn.s 
Pu 
racemed 
O 
or 
jn.au 
Y 
Pyrenean 
:k 
A 
or 
2 
jn 
Pu 
Sp. 7—10. 
S. Europe 1548. 
Madeira 1778. 
Candia 1658. 
Spain ]6ia 
Barbary 1799. 
C. G. H. 1816. 
Spain 1820. 
Sp. 9—18. 
Carniola 1818. 
Italy 1640. 
Hungary 1816. 
Hungary 1804. 
S. Euroi)e 1683. 
S. Europe 1640. 
Britain dry pa. 
Spain 1658. 
Pyrenees 1788. 
11453 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
D CO 
Blackw. t. 548 
Tabern. ic. 1075 
Plu.alra. t.81.f.2 
De&£ atl.2. t. 22S 
All. ped. t. 51 
Knor. the.2.t.c.l 
Plrar.hu.2.t.l52 
S CO Garid. aix. t. 21 
Col.ecp.l.t.27.f.l 
Eng. bot. 1144 
D CO 
S CO 
S CO 
D CO 
11455 
11446 
History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 
in the same manner. C. lanceolatus is one of the most common and noxious weeds of the genus, chiefly on 
account of its great bulk, its numerous downy seeds, and the facility with which they are distributed by the 
wind : its dried flowers curdle milk. C. helenioides, used to be called the melancholy thistle, and was used by 
quacks as a cure for madness. C. Casaubonas is so named after Casaubona, herbarist to the Grand Duke of 
Tuscany, who sent the seed to John Bauhin. C. syriacus is spotted with white, as are a number of Egyptian 
plants. C. oleraceus, according to Schreber, is not eaten by cattle ; but the Russians are said to boil the 
leaves in the spring, and eat them as coleworts. The tender stalks of C. cernuus are so used in Siberia. 
1666. Onoporduni. A name employed by Pliny for a plant which he describes too imperfectly to be recog- 
nized now. The virtues which he ascribes to it, and whence the name has been derived {ovog and trsiSa), cer- 
tainly have no existence in the modern genus, which consists of noble thistle-like plants, that, if allowed plenty 
of room, form very magnificent specimens of annual vegetation. O. acanthium (from its leaves being like 
those of the Acanthus) was formerly used like the artichoke and Cardoon. The seeds of this plant, unlike 
those of other thistles, are strongly defended by the calyx, and are not subject to be blown about by winds. 
The whole plant is vvhite, tomentose, and one of the most magnificent of the family. 
1667. Berardia. So named by Villars, after M. Berard, a botanist of Grenoble. 
1668. Cynara. Said to be derived from xvm, a dog, on account of the stiff hard spines of the involucrum, 
whicli resemble the teeth of a dog. The English word Artichoke is said to be derived from the Celtic art, a 
spine, and chaulx, a cabbage ; but it must be confessed that the word is very like the Arabic name of the plant, 
Carciojb or Kharchiof. C. scolymus is a well known garden esculent. In some parts of France and Italy it 
is eaten raw in its wild state by the common people. According to Gerarde, it was introduced into this 
country from Italy, but is become, " by reason of the great moisture which our country is subject unto," 
greater and better than those of Italy ; a circumstance not to be doubted, and applicable to many other plants 
of culture; for it is a fact, that art can in many cases surpass nature; always, however, working upon nature's 
principles. The artichoke is one of those plants the most patient of drought, and in this unusually dry and 
hot season (1825) was almost the only vegetable procurable in the neighbourhood of Paris, during three or 
four weeks in July and August. Once in the seventeenth century, and again about 1739, most of the arti- 
chokes in England were destroyed by frost, but replaced from France. There are three varieties in cultivation, 
the conical, French, or oval; the globe, which has a large dusky purplish head; and the dwarf globe, a 
prolific variety, which is smaller. The parts used are the lower part of the leaves of the calyx ; the 
fleshy receptacles of the flower, freed from the bristles and seed down, vulgarly called the choke ; and some- 
