Order I. 
SYNGENESIA ^QUALIS. 
685 
11440 Leaves narr. pinnatifid downy beneath with strong spines, Fl. large solitary, Lvs. of invol. spiny recurved 
11441 Leaves sess. lane, entire unarmed downy beneath. Spines axill. branched at base, Fl. axill. sessile 
11442 Leaves amplexicaul. obi. toothed spiny with white veins, Fl. subsess. bracteate. Scales of invol. appressed 
11443 Leaves amplexicaul. pinnatitid toothed spiny pubescent. Stem simple, Fl. terminal clustered 
11444 Leaves pinnatifid, Invol. scarious : scales acuminate 
11445 Leaves pinnatifid, Invol. scarious villous 
11446 Scales of invol. spreading subulate, Lvs. ov.-obl. sinuated and spin, decurrent woolly on both sides 
11447 Scales of invol. much spreading, Lvs. decurrent smooth on each side sinuated toothed spiny 
11448 Scales of invol. much spreading as long as invol. Lvs. decurr. downy sinuated toothed spiny : radic. pinnate 
11449 Lower scales reflexed : upper much spreading, Lvs. decurrent downy sinuated toothed spiny 
11450 Invol. squarrose with cobwebbed down, l^eaves stalked ovate angular downy beneath 
11451 Scales of invol. ovate-lanc. mucronate spreading, Lvs. decurrent downy subsinuate toothed spiny 
11452 Stem and leaves tomentose : radical pinnatitid ; cauline obi. adnate decurrent toothed spiny 
11453 Scales of invol. ovate mucronate appressed, Lvs. decurrent somewhat downy sinuate toothed spiny 
11454 Steml. Invol. glob, subsess. Scales of invol. lane, spiny spreading, Lvs. stalked pinnatif toothed spiny downy 
11455 Stemless, Invol. obi. subsess. Scales of invol. obi. lane, downy unarmed, Lvs. stalked roundish ovate 
11456 Leaves somewhat spiny pinnate and undivided. Scales of invol. ovate 
11457 Leaves pinnatifid downy beneath spiny. Spines of the base of leaves and pinnee connate at base 
11458 Leaves spiny : all pinnatifid. Scales of invol. ovate 
11459 Leaves spiny pinnatifid downy beneath. Scales of invol. subulate 
11460 Stemless, Leaves unarmed downy beneath pinnatifid : segm. cut-toothed, Scales of invol. lane. 
11461 Stemless, Leaves pinnatifid spiny 
114^ Stemless, Leaves pinnated smoothish : segm. toothed spiny, Inner scales of invol. scarious at end 
11463 Stemless, Leaves pinnatifid downy beneath : segm. toothed angular spiny 
11464 Stem simple 1-fl. Lvs. pinnatifid naked : segm. cut-toothed spiny 
11465 Stem simple 1-fl. longer than flower. Leaves deeply pinnatifid squarrose 
11466 Stem simple 1-fl. numerous aggregate. Leaves pinnatifid smooth : segm. pinnatifid spreading spiny 
11467 Stemsubbifid, Middle flower sessile, Lvs. hoary lane, toothed spiny 
11468 Stem many-fl. corymbose smoothish, Lvs. lane, pinnatifid toothed smooth 
11469 Stem many-fl. corymb, pubesc. Leaves lane, unequally spin. an<l sinuated downy beneath 
11470 Stem somewhat divided, Fl. axill. sess. Leaves lane, toothed downy spiny pubescent 
11471 Stem many-fl. Leaves decurrent 
and Miscellaneous Particulars. 
times the tender central leafstalk in a blanched state like the Cardoon. Medicinally, the plant is reputed to be 
aperient, stomachic, and somewhat heating. It is said to dye a good vellow, and the flowers curdle milk. 
The plant is propagated by suckers in March and April, and requires a light rich soil, well dunged, and 
pulverised to a good depth. The leaves being large, the plants are placed in rows at four feet distance, and 
two feet apart in the row. They will produce some heads the first season, a full crop the next, and, if well 
manured, wdl last tor five or six years. The plants require to be covered a foot thick with Utter during winter, 
which is removed, and the ground dressed in March and April. The heads will appear in the beginning of June. 
When the artichoke is to be cultivated as Cardoon, the plants are to be cut over by the surface about mid- 
summer ; in September they will have produced leaves about two feet high ; they are then bound close with a 
wreath of hay or straw, and earth drawn round them. The blanching will be perfected in a month or six weeks. 
Bauhin thought the Cardoon a hybrid from the common artichoke, to which it bears a great resemblance. 
The tender stalks of the inner leaves, rendered white and crisp by earthing up, are used for stewing, and for 
soups and salads during winter, like celery. It requires the same soil as the artichoke, to be planted at three 
or four feet apart in May, or sown where it is to remain in March. In September the leaves may be tied 
together and earthed up, and in October and November they will be blanched from one to three feet in 
length. 
With the florets of Cynara Cardunculus, which the Portuguese call Cardo do coalho, milk was formerly 
coagulated by the people of Portugal, as it is by rennet in England. 
1669. Carlina. Olivier de Serres says, this plant was named after the famous Charlemagne, whose army was 
cured of the plague by means of this plant. Linnaeus ascribes the name to the Emperor Charles V., v. hose 
?riny was relieved trom the plague in Barbary in the same way. C. acaulis has black woody roots an 
inch thick, the upper part of which, with the receptacle of the flower, when tender, may be eaten, but the 
root of the adult plant becomes acrimonious, and is recommended as an alexipharmic. It contains an acrid 
resinous principle, by which it stimulates the solids, dissolves the humours, and promotes perspiration. C. 
vulgaris is found all over Europe in dry barren soils. The flowers expand in dry, and close in moist weather, 
retaining this property a long time. 
Upon this and a few other genera M. Cassini has founded a tribe, which he denominates Carlinece, which 
although possessing no very precise characters of difference, is, he believes, distinct from both his Centauries 
and Carduineae, from which it may always be distinguished by the perfect sraoothuess of the filaments. The 
species of Carlineae are found in every part of the world. 
