Order III. 
SYNGENESIA FRUSTRANEA. 
735 
12515 Leaves lane, entire and sinuated. Stem erect, Flowers stalked 
IS.'ilfi Leaves lane, spatulate and pinnatifid entire white with down beneath, Pedunc. 1-hcaded terminal 
12.')17 Stem shrubby decumbent. Leaves spatulate-lanceolate downy beneath, Ray same color as disk 
I2;jl8 Leaves pinnatifid hairy above downy beneath : segm. oval-lane. Scape 1-headed, Stem decumbent 
12519 Stem leafy decumbent 1-headed, Leaves subulate linear revolute at edge downy beneath 
12520 Ligulae undivided. Leaves pinnatifid toothed downy beneath 
12521 Ligulffi 3-5-parted, Leaves lyrate downy 
12522 LiguL-c 3-5-parted, Leaves runcinate toothed downy beneath 
12523 The only species 
12524 Smooth, Lvs. bipinnatifid or pinnatifid linear-filiform, Lvs. of pappus white 
12525 Smooth, Lvs. pinnatifid linear filiform, Outer leaflets of invol. subulate 
12526 Leaves bipinnatifid or pinnatifid linear filiform smooth. Scales of invol. scarious blunt shining 
12527 Leaves bitripinnatifid and invol. downy 
12528 Leaves pinnatifid smoothish : segm. 2-3-toothed, Teeth piliferous. Outer scales of invol. lanceolate 
12529 Leaves flat smooth cut ])innatifid at end. Outer lvs. of invol. scarious at end. Pappus obsolete 
12530 Leaves fleshy linear pinnatifid and bipinnatifid. Pappus much shorter than the florets of disk 
12531 The radical and lower cauline leaves pinnatifid 
12532 Leaves tomentose : root ones lanceolate ; stem ones pinnatifid. Stem simple 
12533 Flower very large 
^ 1. Cyands. Involucrum ciliated, unarmed. 
* Involucrum with feathery setce. 
12534 Inv. recurved-feathery, Leaves oblong undivided scabrous mucronate serrulated 
12535 Inv. recurved-feathery top-shaped. Leaves oblong undivided scabrous mucronate serrulated, Stem simple 
12536 Invol. recurved feathery, Leaves mucronate-serrated : lower stem ones sinuate pinnatifid 
12537 Invol. recurv. feathery, Lvs. egg-shap.undivid. scabr. gross, tooth. : upp. ones and those of branches undivid. 
12538 Invol. recurved feathery. Leaves lanceolate sometimes toothed downy 
12539 Invol. recurved feathery. Head without a neutral ray, Leaves hairy lanceolate remotely toothed 
12540 Invol. recurved feathery, Leaves ovate lanceolate toothed at base nerved downy, Corollas flosculous 
12541 Invol. recurved feathery pubescent. Leaves linear-lanceolate quite entire scabrous 
12542 Invol. erect feathery, Lower Iv.s. lane, attenuat. into the petiole serrul. ; eaul. ov.-ohl. downy on each side 
12543 Invol. recurved feathery pubesc. Head without a neutral ray, Lvs. lin. quite entire. Stem somew. shrubby 
** Involucrum with ciliated appendages. 
12544 Scales of the invol. ovate ciliated with capillary teeth. Lower leaves angular lyrate : upper ones ovate 
12545 Innermost invol. scales searious,Root lvs. obsoletely pinnatif. : lower stem ones somew. tooth, at the base ; 
upper ones undivided quite entire 
12546 Invol. serrated with white ciliaj. Leaves decurrent deeply pinnatifid, PinnEe generally two 
12547 Invol. serrated, Leaves smoothish lanceolate quite entire decurrent, Stem simple 
12548 Invol. ciliated variegated, LeaA es sessile linear downy. Stem 1-headed 
12549 Scales of the involucre serrated, Leaves linear entire : the lowermost toothed 
12550 Invol. ciliated egg-shaped. Scales flat close-pressed : Lower lvs. bipinnatif. : upper pinnatif. Stem panicled 
12551 Invol. cihated, Root lvs. undivided and pinnatifid smooth. Stem lvs. downy pinnatifid, Bi-anehes spinous 
and Miscellaneous Particulars. 
1819. Cenlaurea. It is said, that with this plant, the Centaur Chiron cured the wound in his foot made by 
the arrow of Hercules. Crupina is from the Dutch verb kruipen, which signifies to creep ; because the dark 
multifid pappus resembles the legs of a creeping insect. 
Phrygia signifies dry {(p^uyio?), in allusion to its calyx. 
Jacea is said to have been so named from jacere, to lie down, on account of its prostrate habit. 
Calcitrapa, the Latin of a caltrop, or iron ball covered with stiff spines, formerly used in warfare to impede 
the operations of cavalry. Its calyx is very like one of these instruments. 
Centaurea Crocodilium is so named, because the spines of the calyx have been fancifully likened to the claws 
of a Crocodile. 
Verutum, the name of another species, is the Latin of a short javelin used by 'the Roman foot-soldiers. 
The spines on its calyx resemble a small dart. 
C. nigra is a harsh stubborn weed in meadows and permanent pastures, seldom touched by cattle either green 
or in hay, and with difficulty extirpated. C. cyanus. Bluet, Fr., Kornblume, Ger., and Ciaiio, Ital., is a common 
weed in corn fields, on gravelly soils, throughout Europe, and also a popular border annual. The expressed 
juice of the natural florets makes a good ink ; it also stains linen of a beautiful blue, but the color is not per- 
manent. C. benedicta was so called from its being supposed to possess extraordinary medical powers ; it was 
