Order III. 
SYNGENESIA FRUSTRANEA. 
737 
12552 Invol. ciliated, Leaves downy very white all compound : lowest bipinnatifid ; highest pinnate-laciniated 
12553 Invol. ciliated. Leaves somewhat downy cinereous : lower ones pinnate-laciniate ; upper ones simple 
12554 Invol. ciliated, Lvs. downy undern. Root Ivs. bipinnati,fid : segm. lanceolate acute. Stem-leaves pinnatifid 
12555 Invol. serrated. Leaves downy : root ones pinnated ; upper 1-eared 
12556 Invol. ciliat. smooth, Lvs. pinnatif. scabr. Segm. obi. lane, acute : highest root ones sometimes cut at base 
12557 Invol. ciliated sphacelate, Scales spreading. Leaves obi. lane, entire villous downy : cauline decurrent 
12558 Invol. scales roundish egg-shaped ciliated. Leaves oblong lane, undivided very scabrous acute serrated 
12559 Invol. scales ovate lanceolate serrate-ciliated. Leaves bipinnatifid, Segments lanceolate 
12560 Invol. egg-shaped smooth. Scales somew. scar, at tip, Lvs greenish decurr. undivided : radical ones lyrate 
12561 Inv. scales scar, at tip serr. Lvs.scab. at edge : root ones obi. tooth. ; stem ones lane. somew. decurr. quite ent. 
12562 Scales of the involucre ciliated ovate pubescent. Leaves pinnatifid roughish : the segm. lanceolate acute 
12563 Invol. ciliated nearly globular. Leaves deeply pinnatifid. Segments linear 
12564 Invol. ciliated ovate roundish beautifully spotted. Leaves slender bipinnatifid. Stem a little panicled 
12565 Invol. ciliated oblong, Leaves pinnatifid linear quite entire 
12566 Invol. serrated. Leaves oblong serrated decurrent and undivided [branched divaricated 
12567 Invol. ciliat. Scales ovate-lanc. spread, at tip. Lower lvs. bipinnatif. lane. lin. : upper ones pinnatifid. Stem 
12568 Invol. ciliated. Leaves lanceolate serrated : lowest tooth elongated so as to appear like a stipule 
12569 Invol. ciliated, Leaves downy pinnatifid. Segments obtuse egg-shaped quite entire : outer ones largest 
12570 Invol. ciliated, Leaves scabrous : underneath pinnatifid, Segments lanceolate sometimes toothed 
12571 Invol. scarious. Scales ovate lanceolate serrated ciliated, Leaves scabrous beneath : radical bipinnatifid 
§ 2, Calcitrapa. Involucrum ciliated with spines. 
* Spines simple. [panicled 
12572 Invol. erect feathery. Head without a neutral ray. Lower lvs. pinnatif. : upper ones lin. All quite ent. Stem 
12573 Invol, ciliate-spinous egg-shaped. Scales reflexed at tip, Lvs. hoary : root ones lyrate ; stem ones linear 
12574 Invol. ciliate-spinous at tip. Spines of lower scales reflex. Lvs. pinnat. Pinnfelin.obt. Root leaves bipinnat. 
12.075 Invol. ciliate-spinous, Leaves lyrate-pinnated generally entire : terminal lobe large toothed 
12576 Invol. ciliate-spinous. Stem-leaves pinnatifid : root ones bipinnatifid. Segments lanceolate 
12577 Invol. ciliate-spinous. Stem-leaves pinnated : root leaves bipinnated. Pinna? linear-filiform 
12578 Invol. ciliate-spin. at tip, Stcm-lvs. pinnatif lin. lane. : root ones bipinnatif. Segm. lane, terminal 1-toothed 
12579 Invol. ciliate fringed with straight rigid white bristles, Lvs. obi. a little toothed, Head yell, without a ray 
12580 Invol. simply spinous. Spines spreading, Horets equal. Leaves hairy : lower ones pinnatifid 
12581 Invol. bristly spinous, Leaves lanceolate petioled toothed near the base 
12.582 Invol. scarcely spinous somewhat awned rayed. Leaves pinnatifid 
12583 Invol. ciliated spinous. Stem-leaves pinnated quite entire : root-leaves bipinnatifid 
12584 Invol. ciliate spinous at the tip, Leaves hoary pinnatifid quite entire : upper ones linear-lanceolate 
12585 Invol. ciliate subspiny. Leaves oblong downy sessile somewhat toothed j narrowed at base deeply toothed 
** Spines palmate. 
12586 Invoj. palm.-spin. Spines reflex. Lvs. obi. smooth, embracing the stem i decurr. repand tooth. Teeth prickly 
12587 Invol. palm.-spinous. Spines reflex. Lvs. obov. somew. tooth, stalked : floral somew. decurr. mucro.-toothed 
12588 Inv. palm.-spin. Spines reflex. Lvs. obi. hoary embrac. stem |-decurr. tooth, cut at base. Teeth rather prickly 
12589 Invol. palm, spinous, Lvs. decurr. not prickly : root ones pinnatifid ; terminal lobe very large 
12590 Inv. palm. spin. Spines reflex, larger than calyx, Lvs. hoary obi. sess. decurr. pinnatifid, Teeth not prickly 
12591 Invol. palmate spinous, Lvs. ovate-lanc. petioled toothed 
12592 Invol. palmate spinous solitary sess. Lvs. lane, a little embracing the stem pinnatifid toothed 
12593 Invol. palmate spinous, Stem lvs. lane, toothed decurrent : root lvs. lyrate obtuse 
12594 Invol. palmate spinous, Spines 3 or 5, Lvs. lane, sessile toothed 
12.595 Invol. ciliated surrounded by a whorl of long lvs. Lvs. lyrate toothed obtuse 
12596 Invol. palmate spinous, Lvs. embracing the stem runcinate pinnatifid prickly : toothed root ones lyrate 
12597 Invol. doubly spinous woolly bracteated. Leaves half decurrent toothed spiny 
12598 Invol. palm, spinous term, solitary, Spines straight, Lvs. lane, decurr. not prickly : root ones lyrate 
12599 Invol. palm. spin. term, ones clustered sess. Spines straight, Lvs. lane, scabrous decurr. not prickly : lower 
stem ones a little toothed ; root ones sinuated 
12600 Invol. palm, spinous solitary subsessile. Spines straight, Lvs. lane, scabrous toothletted decurrent 
12601 Inv. palm. spin. Spines spread. Lvs. scabr.: stem lvs. lane, a little embrac. stem finely tooth. ; root ones lyrate 
12602 Invol. palm, spinous solit. Spines straight : inner scales scarious at the tip, Lvs. downy lane, decurr. : lower 
ones finely toothed pinnatifid at the base 
12603 Invol. palmate spinous terminal sess. glomerated. Leaves petioled pinnatifid cut-toothed 
*** Appendages of involucrum spiny -pinnate. 
12604 Invol. doubly spinous woolly, Lvs. half decurrent entire and sinuated, Stem proliferous 
12b05 Invol. doubly spinous sess. Lvs. pinnatifid toothed. Stem divaricated spreading hairy 
12606 Invol. somewhat doubly serrated, Lvs. embracing the stem lane, undivided serrated [entire decurr. 
12607 Inv. palm. spin. : midd. spine very long ; lat. ones short, Root-lvs. sinuate-pinnatif. Stem ones lane, quite 
12608 Invol. doubly spinous somewhat woolly, Lvs. sess. lane, entire and toothed, Stem proliferous 
and Miscellaneous Particulars. 
unconnected with differences of organization ; they are therefore not adopted here. The tribe of Centaurca? 
of M. Cassini is not distinguished from Carduineae by any very important characters. The greater part of the 
species are natives of Europe and Asia, several of Africa, a very few of America, and none of the southern 
parts of the world. 
3 B 
