Order VII. MON(ECIA TOLYANDRIA. 793 
135.55 Unarmed, Stems round striated 
13356 Unarmed shrubby, Branches round villous. Spikes long loose 
13357 Spiny shrubby. Spines branched. Branches villous somewhat angular. Spikes oblong loose 
13358 Leaves simple and ternate ovate serrated, Petioles thickened on each side 
13359 Leaves alternate lanceolate ovate, Flowers in racemes 
13360 Leaves ovate. Stem diflfbse 
133fll Leaves oblongo-lanceolate acuminate mucronate serrate glabrous on each side 
13362 Leaves oblong acute mucronate serrate white with down beneath 
13363 Cones ovate pendulous. Leaves ovate acute. Buds blunt 
13364 Cones oblong ovate erect, Leaves oblong ovate acuminate. Buds acute 
13365 Scales or bracteas of the fruit o!)long serrated with two smaller lateral lobes 
13306 Scales of cones 3-par ted : middle segment oblique ovate lanceolate 1-tootiied on one side 
13367 Scales of cones ovate unequal at base undivided somewhat angular unequally serrated 
13368 Leaves ovate glabrous obsoletely dentate, their margins ciliated 
13369 Leaves ovate acuminate downy beneath coarsely toothed ciliated at edge 
13370 Stip. obi. obt. Lvs. roundish-cordate pointed, Invol. of fruit campanulate rather spreading torn at margin 
13371 Stip. obi. blunt, Cal. of fruit tubul. cylind. contracted at end cut toothed. Leaves roundish cord, acuminate 
and Miscellaneous Particulars. 
various forms with which the country people of all nations have delighted to ornament their yokes. Our 
English word Horn-beam has evidently the same meaning. C. Betulus is a tree of little merit or beauty, 
having persistent leaves like the beech ; it is well adapted for hedges or separation, where the object is shelter. 
1997. Fagus. From the Greek (p-ziyo;, which also signifies eatable. We all know that mast was the original 
food of man. The Fagus of Virgil, was the Quercus ^sculus. Hetre, Fr., B'dche, Ger., Faggio, Ital. F, 
sylvatica is a handsome tree in every stage of its growth. It seems to thrive best in a chalky clay or loam, 
rather sheltered. It is one of the handsomest single trees for parks, and is well adapted to form lofty 
hedges. The timber is brittle, and not of long duration ; but it is much used by turners, joiners, and mill- 
wrights. The bark is remarkably thin, and has been used for making baskets and band-boxes. The leaves are 
used in France by the country people, on account of their elastic quality, instead of straw for the paillasse to 
lay under their mattrasses. The mast is readily eaten by swine and deer. 
F. cuprea, the copper colored, and F. purpurea, the purple beech, are two of the most striking of timber 
trees, from the color of their foliage. They are propagated by grafting, and grow as freely as the common beech. 
Fagus ferruginea is distinguished by the Americans from the common kind by the name of Red Beech, the 
wood being of a darker color. 
1998. Corylus. From xo^vi, a bonnet ; to which the enwrapping calyx may be very well compared. Our 
word Hazel is in like manner derived from the Anglo-Saxon //.^^i?/, which signifies an head-dress. Noisette, 
Fr., Nussbmim, Ger., and Avellano, Ital. C. avellana has the specific name from Avellino, a city of the 
kingdom of Naples, near which, in a valley, it grows to a great extent, and in Swinburne's time, brought in an 
annual profit of near 12,000^ sterling. It is said they were originally imported into Italy from Pontus, and 
known among the Romans by the appellation of nux Pontica, which in process of time, was changed into that 
of nux Avellana, from the place where they had been propagated with the greatest success. The common 
Hazel-nut is wild in many woods and coppices in Britain, whence the fruit is gathered in plenty and sent to 
the neighbouring markets. As underwood, the plant is of some value for hoops, fishing-rods, walking-sticks, 
withes for faggoting, crate-making, hurdles, wattling-fences, and springles to fasten down thatch. Formerly 
the roots were used by the cabinet-makers ; and where yeast was scarce, they twisted the twigs, steeped them 
in ale during its fermentation, hung tlicm up to dry, and when they brewed put them into the wort. 
There are several varieties (,f the cultivated filbert. What is called the frizzled filbert is esteemed the best. 
The plants do not require a rich soil, but one with a dry bottom. They are generally propagated by suckers, 
and grown as dwarf standards, each plant with a single clean stem, from six feet high down to twelve inche.s. 
When allowed to throw up suckers from the root and form a thick bush, they cease to bear fruit in any 
quantity. The filbert bears principally upon the sides of the upper young branches, and from small shoots 
which proceed from the bases of side branches cut off the preceding year. Hence the spurring-in method of 
