804 
MONCECIA MONADELPHIA. 
Class XXI. 
13519 palustris Ph. 
13520 canariensis Buck. 
13521 longifolia W. 
13522 Str6bus W. 
13523 Cembra W. 
2013. A'BIES. Salisb. 
13524 Fraseri Ph. 
13525 Picea W. 
13526 Balsamea IV. 
13527 canadensis 
13528 orientalis W. 
13529 clanbrasiliana Hort. 
13530 communis 
13531 alba Ph. 
swamp 
Canary 
ion g-lea veil 
Weymouth 
Siberian 
tm 20 
or 40 
or 40 
tm 50 ap 
tm 25 my 
Ap N. Amer. 1730. 
Ap Canaries 1815. 
Ap p]. Indies 1801. 
Ap N. Amer. 1705. 
Ap Siberia 1746. 
Fill. 
Double Balsam ^ 
Silver ± 
B.dm of Gilead ^ 
Hendockspruce^ 
Oriental 
Clanbrazil 
Norway spruce ^ 
VViiite spruce 
or 30 my 
tm 30 my 
or 50 my 
or 30 
or 30 
or 6 
Conifcrce. Sp. 10—12, 
my 
my 
my 
tm 100 ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Pensylv. 1811. 
Germany 1603. 
N. Amer. 1696. 
N. Amer. 1736. 
Levant 1825. 
N. Europe 1548. 
tm 50 my.jn Ap N. Amer. 1700. 
S s.l 
S s.l 
G p.l 
L s.l 
b s.l 
C s.l 
L s.l 
S s.l 
S s.l 
S CO 
L CO 
S s.l 
S sJ 
Lam.pin.27. t.20 
PI. r. gen. c. ic. 
Lam.pin.29. t.21 
I,ampin.31.t.22 
La. pi.34. t.23, 24 
Lam.pin.46. t.30 
Lam.pin.48. t.31 
Lam.pin.50. t.32 
Lam. pin. c. ic. 
Lam. pin. 37. t.25 
Lam.pin.39. t.26 
History, Use, Propagation, Culture, 
to 5900 feet, where snow falls for about a month. The temperature of the zone M. DecandoUe estimates to 
be simdar to that of Scotland, or to the north of Fr.mce, or of Germany- Tlie wood is resinous, highly 
inflammable, and is excellent for constructing buildings, being known to continue sound for ages. 
The Pinus inops, Jersey pine, pitch or scrub pine, is of middle size, straggling growth, and full of resin. Its 
branches are tougher than those of any other pine, and might be used for many purposes if its wood were not 
subject to so early a decay. The pitch pine, P. resinosa, is generally known in its native country by the name 
of Norway pine ; sometimes, particularly among the Canadian French, red pine. It grows in close forests, is 
very tall, and its bark remarkably smooth and red: the timber is very heavy; for which reason it is rejected 
for masts, though its shape and size appear to recommend it for that purpose. The scrub pine, P. Banksiana, 
is a small straggling tree, which in some instances, when growing among barren rocks, does not rise above five 
or eight feet high, though it will grow to a considerable size when by accident or culture it is brought on good 
soil : trees of this species now in England exude a great quantity of resin from their branches. The yellow 
pine, P. variabilis, is most in use for buikling houses as well as shipping. P. tseda, the loblolly or Oldfield pine, 
is found in large tracts in the southern states of North America : all the woods seem to be filled with its seeds ; 
for when any piece of cleared land is neglected for any space of time, it will be covered with these pines. It 
is dilKcult, and in some cases almost impracticable, to recover lands so run over, as the ground appears to have 
lost all fertile properties for other vegetation. The long leaved, yellow, pitch, or brown pine, P. palustris, is a 
beautiful as well as very useful tree. The white or Weymouth pine grows in the state of Vermont to an 
enormous size ; it is the best timber in America for masts. 
2013. Abies. According to Bullet, this name is derived from one of the dialects of the Celtic, abetoa, whence 
abete, Iti'.lian, abeto, Spanish, &c. Hcsychius, the Greek grammarian, calls it ccQiv. 
Abies communis, Sapin, Fr., Fichfenbaum, Ger., and Abiete, Ital., is one of the tallest of European firs, with 
a very straight but not thick trunk. It is a native of the north of Germany and Russia, and particularly 
abundant in Norway ; its timber being the white deal, and, at an earlier age, the long spars imported from that 
country and the Baltic. The timber is inferior to that of the common pine in durability and bulk ; and being 
often knotty, is not proportionally strong for horizontal bearings with that timber. White Norway deal, how- 
ever, is used for a great variety of purposes in building ; and the entire trees are more prized than any other 
for masts for small craft, for spars both for marine purposes and on land. What constitutes the value of this 
fir is, that its timber is equally durable at any age, like that of the larch ; and what renders it peculiarly 
adapted for masts, spars, scaffolding, poles, &c. is its habit, almost in every case, whether standing single or 
detached, of growing perfectly erect and straight. The tree may be cut for rods, stakes, and scythes, or other 
implement handles, when the trunk at the base is not more than two inches in diameter, and the bark being 
kept on it, it will prove almost as durable as the larch. Pontey says, that poles of spruce are so far inferior to 
those of larch, that they are more apt to crack when exposed whole to the influence of the sun and air : but 
in all other respects they are nearly equal to it, and in straightness surpass it. The tree is peculiarly valuable 
as a nurse, from being evergreen and closely covered with branches, by which radiated heat is retained ; from 
its conical shape and rigid stem, by which it does not suffocate or whip the adjoining trees ; from its being 
valuable at whatever age it is thinned out ; and from its being an excellent shelter for the most valuable game. 
It will not, however, grow in elevated situations, where the common pine and larch will flourish. It is also an 
excellent hedge plant for shelter, but is deficient in point of defence and durability. By incision, it yields a 
resin, from which, by various preparations, turpentine and Burgundy pitch are formed. The tops or sprouts 
give the flavor to what is called spruce beer. 
A. alba, rubra, and nigra, are American firs of the spruce kind, resembling in their general properties those 
of Europe. The black spruce is reckoned the most durable : in America it is used for knees for ship-building, 
where neither oak nor larch can be easily obtained. These knees are not prepared from two diverging 
branches, as in the oak, but from a portion of the base of the trunk connected with one of the largest diverg- 
ing roots. The timber of the red spruce is universally preferred throughout the United States for sail yards, 
and, indeed, imported for this purpose into Liverpool from Nova Scotia, where it is also used for constructing 
casks for salted fish. It is chiefly from the decoction in water of young shoots of the black spruce, and not 
exclusively from those of the white species, as supposed by Lambert, that the celebrated beer is prepared by 
fermentation, with a due proportion of sugar and molasses. The essence of spruce of the dealers is prepared 
by evapoiating this decoction to the consistence of honey. 
A. picea displays a more stable and majestic form than any of the firs. The upper surface of the leaves is 
of a fine vivid green, and their under surface has two white lines running lengthwise on each side of the 
