848 
DICECIA MONADELPHIA. 
Class XXII. 
2113. JUNFPERUS. 
14049 thurifera W. 
14050 bermudiana JV. 
14051 chinensis W. 
14052 excelsa W. 
14053 Sab'ina W. 
/3 tamariscifolia 
14054 prostrata P. S. 
14055 datirica Pall. 
14056 virginiaria IV. 
14057 communis W. 
jS suecica 
14058 nana fV. 
14059 Oxycedrus W. 
14060 phoenlcea W. 
14061 lycia W. 
14062 barbadensis fV. 
W. Juniper. 
Spanish « 
Bermudas Cedar ^ 
Chinese 25s 
tall ± 
Common Savin *t 
Tamarisk-lvd. do. S* 
prostrate * 
Daurian 3tt 
Red Cedar ± 
common * 
Swedish * 
mountain * 
brown-berried Sfe 
Phoenician 
Lycian * 
Barbadoes Cedar ± 
or 10 
JS\ tm 20 
or 10 
tm 20 
or 4 
or 4 
or 3 
or 8 
tm 30 
tm 15 
15 
2 
or 15 
or 15 
or 10 
or 20 
Coniferce. Sp. 
my.jn Ap 
or 
my.jn 
my.jn 
my.jn 
my.jn 
my.jn 
jn.au 
my.jn 
my.jn 
my.jn 
my.jn 
my.jn 
my.jn 
my.jn 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
Ap 
14—17. 
S. Europe 1752. 
Bermudas 1683. 
China 1804. 
Siberia 1806. 
S. Europe 1548. 
S. Europe 1562. 
N. Amer. ... 
Dauria 1791. 
N. Amer. 1664. 
Britain heaths. 
N. Europe ... 
Siberia 
Spain 1739. 
S, Europe 1683. 
S. Europe 1693. 
Florida 1811. 
2114. TAX'US. W. Yew-Tree. Coniferce. Sp. 1. 
14063 baccata JV. common $ or 20 f.ap Ap Britain 
/3 hibernica Hooker Irish $ or 12 ... Ap Ireland 
2115. EPHE'DRA. W. Ephedra. Coniferce. Sp.S—5. 
14064 distachya W. great * cu 2 jn.jl Ap France 
14065 monostachya W. small «t cu 2 s.n Ap Siberia 
14066 alt'issima Desf. lofty ^ | cu 24 ... Ap Barbary 
2116. CISSAM'PELOS. Dec. Pareira Brava Root. Mcnispermece. Sp. 5—28. 
14067 Pareira Dec. genuine El or 6 jl.au G S. Amer. 1733. 
14050 m, „ 14055 V , 14059 
m.wo. 
1570. 
1772. 
1825. 
L S.1 
S p.l 
L p.l 
L s.l 
L s.l 
L s.l 
S s.l 
L s.l 
S s.p 
S s.l 
L s.l 
S l.p 
C s.l 
C s.l 
L s.l 
L s.l 
Herm. lug. t.347 
Bot. rep. 534 
Mich. arb. 3. t. 5 
Eng. bot. 1110 
Pa.r.2.t.54.f.A.B 
Duh.arb.l.t.l28 
Pall. ross. 2. t. 57 
Pali. ross. 2. t. 56 
Pluk.al. t.l97.f.4 
Eng. bot. 746 
Sch. han.3. t.339 
Dend. brlt. 14'2 
Desf. atl. t. 253 
History,' Use, Propagation, Culture, 
2113. Juniperus. From the CeWicjeneprus, which signifies rough, or rude. Sandarach, the name of a resm 
produced by the Juniper, is, according to Golius (p. 1225.), an alteration of the Arabic word sandarous. The 
species, with only one or two exceptions, are close conical-growing evergreen shrubs or trees. The timber of 
J. Barbadensis and Bermudiana is imported from the West Indies under the name of Bermudas Cedar. J. 
Virginiana grows in the West Indies, the North American continent, and in Japan. It is one of the highest 
timber trees in Jamaica, affording very large boards of a reddish brown c6kir, close and firm contexture, 
shining, very odoriferous, and bitter to the taste. It is imported into this and various other countries for the 
purposes of the cabinet-maker, as it is offensive to most insect.s. J. communis is common in all the northern 
parts of Europe, in fertile or barren soils, on hills or in vallies, in open sandy plains, or in moist and close woods. 
On the sides of hills its trunk grows long, but on the tops of rocky mountains and on bogs it is a tufted shrub. 
In England it is found chiefly on open downs in a chalky or sandy soil. In Scotland it is found in granite, trap 
and schistous hills and mountains ; but not in the highest summits of the latter. In the south of Europe it is only 
found in elevated situations ; it abounds in the Alps of Switzerland, but is not very common in the Appenines. 
In our shrubberies it forms a respectable looking conical bush, grouping and combining very well with cypresses, 
American cedars, and various species of the pine and fir tribe. It is easily transplanted, and bears cropping. 
Grass will not grow beneath it, but the Avena Pratensis is said to destroy it. The wood is hard and durable ; 
the bark may be made into ropes ; and ardent spirits, impregnated with the essential oil of these berries, forms 
the true Juniper water or gin. Various insects feed on this shrub ; and it is eaten by horses, sheep, and goats, 
when they can get nothing better. A gum oozes spontaneously from the trunk of old plants, which is Sanda. 
rach, and in its powdered form is known under the name of pounce. Juniper berries require to remain two 
years on the tree before they are fully ripe. The greater quantity of those which are used in Britain, are 
brought from Germany, Holland, and Italy. They have a peculiar aromatic odor, and a sweetish, pun- 
gent, bitterish taste when chewed. In distillation with water, they yield a volatile terebinthinate oil of a 
greenish color, on which their virtues depend. The flavor and diuretic properties of hollands depend on this 
oil; it is also supposed to be used for flavoring English gin, but for this puri)Ose oil of turpentine is used. 
Medicinally, Juniper berries are diuretic and cordial. They have been long known as a remedy in hydropic 
affections ; but they cannot be depended on alone, although they form an excellent adjunct to foxglove and squill. 
The tops yield the same essential oil as the berries, and may therefore be substituted for them. ( Thorn. Lond. Disp.) 
J. suecica is by some considered only a variety. J. sabina seldom produces flowers or seeds in our gardens. 
Professor Pallas says, that in the Chersonesus Taurica, where it is very common, the savin is often found a foot 
and a half diameter ; that it grows upright there, like a cypress, whereas by the Tanais it is procumbent, 
the branches extending on the sand several fathoms ; that the wood very much resembles that of J. lycia, but 
has a more cadaverous smell, and the leaves are more fetid. The leaves and tops of common savin have a 
strong, heavy, disagreeable flavor, and a bitter hot taste, with a considerable degree of acrimony. These 
qualities depend on an essential oil, which is obtained in considerable quantity by distillation with water. Both 
water and alcohol extract its active principles ; and Lewis found that on inspissating the spirituous tincture, 
there remains an extract consisting of two distinct substances, of which one is yellow, unctuous or oily, 
bitterish, and very pungent; the other black, resinous, tenacious, less pungent, and subastringent. Medicin- 
ally, savin is a powerful stimulant, posssesing diaphoretic, emmenagogue, and anthelmintic pi-oporties. It has 
certainly, however, a considerable effect on the uterine system ; but, on account of its stimulating properties, 
is suited to those cases only of amenorrhcea which are unattended by fever, and in which the circulation ia 
