94^ 
CRYPTOGAMIA. 
Class XXIV. 
Older 8. 
[JCHENS. 
Reproductive organs uniform. Sporules deposited in receptacles of various forms, distinct in substance from the 
thallus or frond, which is either pulverulent, crustaceous, 7nembranous,foliaceous, or branched and shmb-like. 
This, Algse, and the collateral order Fungi, may be said to exhibit the lowest stage of vegetable developement, 
and to contain the simplest forms of which plants are susceptible. Indeed it seems that each is resolved into 
the other when in the least stage of composition. Of this order, the lowest tribe, Pseudo-Lichenes, are con- 
sidered Fungi by some authors, and have been formed into a distinct order by others, under the name of 
Hypoxyla. Here it seems best to consider them Lichens. 
The fructification is usually in the form of shields or cup-like receptacles {a), dispersed over the surface of the 
frond or thallus {b), and bearing various names according to their nature. Apothecia is the common terra used to 
designate the fructification. Podetia are the stalk-like processes of the frond (c), which bear the apothecia on 
their summit. Scyphce are cup-like apothecia. Cyphellce are pale tubercular spots on the under side of the 
frond. Lacunce are small hollows or pits on the upper surface of the frond. Soredia are little heaps of free, 
pulverulent bodies, mostly of a whitish color, placed on various parts of the frond (e). Pulvinuli are spongy, ex- 
crescence-like bodies arising from the frond, and often resembling minute trees. Nucleus proligerus, or kernel, 
is a distinct cartilaginous body coming out entire from the apothecia, and containing sporules. Lamina 
proligera is a distinct body containing the sporules, separating from the apothecia, often very convex and 
variable in form, and mostly dissolving into a gelatinous mass. The arrangement of Acharius, which is the 
most celebrated, is here followed. 
Tribe I. IDIOTHALAMI. 
Apothecia differing in color from the rest of the plant, and formed of a distinct substance. 
\ 1. Apothecia simple, entirely formed of a sub-uniform, pulverulent, or cartilaginous substance. Homogenit. 
* Apothecia destitute of a raised margin. 
2330. Spiloma. Plant crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate, uniform. Apothecia composed of minute bo- 
dies, collected into a compact, homogeneous, subpulverulent, naked, and shapeless colored mass. 
2331. Solorina. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, lobed, separate beneath, and veiny or fibrous with down. Re- 
cept. adnate, roundish, not edged, covered by a colored membrane, and containing a solid, cellular, bladdery 
parenchyma. 
** Apothecia with a raised border. 
2332. Lecidea. Plant various, crustaceous, spreading, adnate, and uniform or foliaceous. Apothecia scutel- 
liform, sessile, surrounded by a cartilaginous membrane ; the disk of the same nature as the raised border. 
2333. Calicium. Plant crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia cup-shaped, sessile, or 
stipitate, cartilaginous, containing a compact pulverulent mass, plane or convex, and forming a naked disk. 
2334. Gyrophora. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, or cartilaginous, peltate, mostly monophyllous, free beneath. 
Apothecia subscutelliform, sessile, or adnate, covered with a black cartilaginous membrane ; the disk warty or 
plaited in circles, and bordered. 
§ 2. Apothecia subsimple, included, formed of a single covering, containing a capsular body or nucleus. 
Heterogenii. 
2335. Endocarpon. Plant crustaceous, adnate, of some determinate figure, or foliaceous and peltate. Apo- 
thecia globose, concealed in the substance of the plant, surrounde d by a thin membrane, furnished with a 
slightly prominent orifice, and containing a nucleus. 
Tribe II. CCENOTHALAMI. 
Apothecia partly formed from the substance of the plant. 
§ 1. Apothecia included in wart-like processes, formed from the substance of the plant. Phymatoidei. 
2336. Thelotrema. Plant crustaceous, cartilaginous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform, with wart-like recep- 
tacles, furnished with a wide pore, and bordered. Apothecia included, and containing a nucleus within a 
double covering. 
2337. Pyrenula. Plant crustaceous, piano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Recept. wart-like, formed of the 
thallus, enclosing or surrounding at the base a solitary thalamium, with a simple, thick, papillose perithecium, 
containing a globose cellular nut. 
2338. Variolaria. Plant crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia wart-like, forme from 
the crust (resembling soredia), submarginate, white, including a naked nucleus. 
\ 2. Apothecia scutelliform, subsessile, the disk of a peculiar color different from the border, which is formed from 
the crust. Discoidei. 
2339. Urceolaria. Plant crustaceous, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia shield.like, the disk concave, 
colored, immersed in the crust ; border formed from the crust, and the same color. 
2340. Lecanora. Plant crustaceous, spreading, adnate, plane, uniform. Apothecia shield-like, thick, ad- 
nate, a;\d sessile, the disk plano-convex, colored ; border thickish, somewhat free, formed from the crust, and 
the same color. 
2341. Parmelia. Plant foliaceous, between coriaceous and membranaceous, spreading, appressed, orbicular, 
lobed, and stellate, variously divided, fibrous beneath. Apothecia shield-like, attached by a central point j the 
disk concave, colored, with a border formed from the crust. 
