Order VIII. 
LICHENS. 
949 
2342. Borrera. Plant cartilaginous, branched, and laciniate, the segments free, channelled beneath, and ci- 
liate at the margin. Apothecia shield-like, with a colored disk ; the border formed from the frond. 
2343. Cetraria. Plant cartilagino-membranaceous, ascending or spreading, lobed, smooth, and naked on 
both sides. Apothecia shield-like, obliquely adnate with the margin, the disk colored, plano-concave ; border 
inflexed, derived from the frond. 
2344. Sticta. Plant foliaceous, coriaceo-cartilaginous, spreading, lobed, free and pubescent beneath, with 
little cavities or hollow spots. Apothecia shield-like, fixed by a central point, the disk colored, plane ; border 
formed from the crust. 
2345. Peltidea. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, spreading, subadnate, lobed, with woolly veins beneath. Apo- 
thecia orbicular, adnate, on produced portions of the frond, the disk colored ; border very thin, formed from 
the frond. 
2346. Nephroma. Plant foliaceous, coriaceous, membranous, expanded, lobed, beneath separate, and naked 
or villous. Recept. resupinate, formed of the ascending lengthened lobes of the thallus. Fertile lamina reni- 
form, entirely attached to the thallus and its lower side, and surrounded by an elevated inflexed margin. 
2547. Boccella. Plant coriaceous, cartilaginous, branched, laciniated, round or flat, erect or pendulous, 
woolly inside. Recept. shield-like, thick, growing into the thallus. Fertile lamina forming a disk, plano-con- 
vex, colored, and cartilaginous, in the inside hyaline, and of a similar nature, surrounded by a margin, which 
is elevated, sessile, and as deep as the disk, and which contains a compact black powdery mass, which is hidden 
within the substance of the thallus. 
2348. Evernia. Plant branched, laciniate, angular, or compressed, suberect or pendulous, with a central 
filament within. Apothecia shield-like, sessile, the disk concave, colored ; border formed the frond. 
\ 3. Apothecia subglobose, terminating the branches or podetia, or scattered, sessile, and cmarginate. 
Cephaloidei. 
* Apothecia covered by the mass of the fructification. 
2349. Cenomyce. General receptacle subcartilaginous, foliaceous, laciniate, subimbricated, free (rarely ad- 
nate, uniform, or wanting). Apothecia on podetia, orbicular, immarginate at length, capituliform, bearing 
thick colored masses of fructification. 
2350. Bceomyces. Plant crustaceous, spreading, plane, adnate. Apothecia on short, soft, solid, simple pode- 
tia, capituliform, solid, immarginate, colored, convex, reflexed at the margin. 
2351. Isidium. Plant crustaceous, plane, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia on very short solid pode- 
tia, orbicular, convex, solid, terminal ; the disk subimmersed, having a border formed from the substance of 
the podetia. 
2352. Stereocaulon. Plant shrubby, cartilaginous, branched. Apothecia turbinate, sessile, solid, plane 
above, at length subglobose, with a border formed from the frond. 
** Apothecia clothed with the substance of the frond, and containing a pulverulent mass. 
2353. Sphcerophoron. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous within, solid, shrubby, branched. Apothecia sessile, ter- 
minal, subglobose, bursting irregularly, and containing a black, globular, pulverulent mass. 
Tribe III. HOMOTHALAMI. 
Apothecia entirely formed of the substance of the frond, and qf a similar color. 
2354. Alectorla. Plant cartilaginous, subfiliform, fibrous, and somewhat fistulose within, branched, prostrate, 
or pendulous. Apothecia shield-like, thick, sessile, bordered, wholly formed from the frond. 
2355. Ramalina. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous, and nearly solid within, branched, somewhat shrubby, mostly 
sorediferous. Apothecia shield-like, thick, subpedicellate and subpeltate, plane, bordered, wholly formed from 
the substance of the frond. 
2356. Cornicularia. Plant cartilaginous, fibrous, and nearly solid within, branched, shrubby. Apothecia 
orbicular, terminal, obliquely peltate, at length convex, somewhat inflated ; the border dentate. 
2357. Usnea. Plant much branched, filiform, mostly pendulous, furnished within with a bundle of elastic 
fibres. Apothecia orbicular, terminal, peltate, often ciliate at the border. 
2358. Collema. Plant subgelatinous, homogeneous, crustiform, foliaceous, or somewhat branched, mem- 
branaceous or cartilaginous when dry. Apothecia shield-like, bordered, formed from the substance of the 
frond ; the disk sometimes differing in color when dried. 
Tribe IV. ATHALAMI. 
Lichens destitute of apothecia, and whose fructification is unknown. 
2359. Lepraria. Whole plant crustaceo-pulverulent, spreading, adnate, uniform. Apothecia unknown. 
Tribe V. PSEUDO-LICHENES. 
Apothecia black, corneous, imbedded in a receptacle. Sporules in slender tubular cells, lying in a pulp, not 
spontaneously emitted. 
2360. Opegrapha. Plant crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform. Receptacle oblong and elongated, 
sessile, covered with a cartilaginous dark membrane, enclosing a solid parenchyma. Disk linear,'edged on 
each side. 
2361. Verrucaria. Plant crustaceous, plane, expanded, adnate, uniform. Recept. hemispherical, roundish 
at the base, growing into the thallus, with a double perithecium ; exterior somewhat cartilaginous and thick, 
having above a little pimple or perforation ; inner very fine, and membranous. Kernel cellular. 
2362. Porina. Plant crustaceous, cartilaginous, piano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Rei-ept. wart-likc, 
formed out of the thallus, and not margined. Thalamium imbedded in the substance of the wart, with a 
simple very thin perithecium, and a colored orifice thicker at the surface of the wart. Kernel roundish, 
cellular. 
2363. Arthonia. Plant crustaceous, piano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Recept. innate, sessile, of an irregular 
roundish figure, without an edge, covered by a somewhat cartilaginous membrane, and containing a solid uni- 
form kernel. 
2364. Graphis. Plant crustaceous, plano-expanded, adnate, uniform. Recept. long, immersed in the thallus, 
with a simple cartilaginous perithecium, which forms an edge all round the linear kernel, which is naked at 
top and bottom, and cellular inside. 
