980 CRYPTOGAMIA. Class XXIV. 
Division II. Clavati. 
Receptacle long, simple, or branched, with a tendency to a cylindrical form, not margined. Hymenium superior. 
Asci fixed. 
* Hymenium occupying the whole surface. Asci distinct. No distinct stem. 
2379. Clavaria. Plant carnose, cylindrical, simple or branched. Hymenium smooth, occupying almost the 
whole surface, confluent with the stipes. 
2580. Caloccra, Plant branched or simple, cylindrical, homogeneous, corneous, gelatinous, viscid. Growing 
on wood. 
** Hymenium only occupying the end. Asci long. Head separate from stem, simple. 
2381. Geoglossum. Hymenium short, club-shaped, mostly compressed, stipitate. Stipes elongated, smooth or 
hairy. Plants black or dull green. 
2382. Spatularia. Hymenium club-shaped, separate, compressed, running down the stipes on each side, 
hearing the asci at the upper end. 
2383. Mitrula. Hymenium clavate, ovate, closely surrounding at the base the stipes, which is distinct. 
*** Hymenium only occupying the end. Asci obsolete. Head separate f7-om stem. 
2384. Typhula. Hymenium thin, subcylindrical, persistent, terminating the capillary stipes. 
**** Hymenium covering the whole surface, but bearing sporules at the end only, without asci. 
2385. Pistillaria. Simple, contiguous, linear or clavate. Sporidia emerging at end. 
Class II. Uterini v. Elvellace^. 
Hymenium distinct, superior, margined. Receptacle urceolate or reflexed, always inferior. 
Division I. Mitrati. 
Receptacle pileiform, bullate, never closed. Hymenium neither margined nor discoid. 
2386. Morchella. Pileus lacunose, confluent with the stipes either at the margin or a little above it. Hy- 
menium occupying the whole outer surface. 
2387. Helvetia. Pileus submembranaceous, irregular, smooth on each surface, deflexed at the sides. Hyme- 
nium occupying the whole outer surface. 
2388. Ferpa. Pileus conical-deflexed, equal. Hymenium smooth or rugose. 
2389. Leotia. Pileus ovate-conical or orbicular, wholly occupied by the hymenium, the margin free, but 
closely embracing the stipes. 
Division II. Cupulati. 
Receptacle cupulate, equal. Hymenium discoid, when young somewhat closed, surrounded by the margin of the 
receptacle. 
2390. Peziza. Pileus mostly carnose, sessile or stipitate, more or less cup-shaped at length sometimes plane. 
Hymenium occupying the disk. 
\ 1. Aleuria. Fleshy, or fleshy-membranous, pruinose or scurfy with flocculent matter, Usually on 
earth. 
\ 2. Lachnea. Waxy, hairy or villous extern.qlly. Usually on wood. 
§ 3. Phialea. Waxy or membranous, rarely gelatinous, smooth, naked. On wood. 
\ 4. Helotium. Plano-convex. On wood. 
2391. Ascobolus. Pileus carnose, cup-shaped or hemispherical. Sporuliferous cells in the disk, forming 
prominent points filled with a fluid intermixed with the eight sporules. 
Observations. 
Division II. Clavati. Scarcely any traces of these fungi can be discovered in the writings of the ancients. 
Clusius described a few. Tournefort confounded them with corals and Lycoperdons. Holmskioid and 
Persoon are the principal modern writers upon this tribe. 
Almost all the species of which there is any certain knowledge are European. The genuine kinds are terres. 
trial} those which are found upon wood, being transitious to other orders. In vaults or caverns they become 
unusually developed, and the asci, on account of the excessive supply of moisture, expand and become 
flocculent. Most are found in the autumn ; the branched kinds are often what are termed meteoric, that is to 
say, spring up suddenly after heavy falls of rain. They seldom last more than fourteen days. 
In qualities they are mild, some having a bitter taste, but the greatest number are almost entirely destitute 
of smell, color, or taste. Many of the large kinds are used in cookery, and are eaten by various herbivorous 
animals. 
Class II. Uterini. The natural form of the receptacle is cupulate, but in the most perfect kinds, the 
cupula is reflexed, and is called a mitra ; in the least perfect, which are innate in the matrix, the receptacle is 
almost wholly obliterated. The resupinate Pileati are distinguished from these by their immarginate form, 
and by their asci. 
Division I. Mitrati. A small division, apparently wholly unknown to the ancients. The species are almost 
entirely European ; a few are found in North America and Siberia. It is probable, however, from the evidence 
of Loureiro and others, that some peculiar genera and species exist within the tropics. They are generally 
fond of a humid shady station. None are found in subterraneous places. If an individual is occasionally 
produced upon wood, it is upon such as is wholly decayed. Many spring up in the autumn and spring ; they 
are rarely meteoric, but some appear in greater abundance in one kind of season than in another. Most of 
them last for a fortnight, and retain their form when dry. 
Their qualities are generally mild, nutritive, and juiceless ; one is said to be bitter. They are little infested 
by larvae. Several are used as food. 
Division II. Cupulati. These are included in the Fungoides of the old botanists. The species which are 
separate from their thallus and much developed, are little changed by the places in which they grow, and are 
therefore the same in the most remote countries ; but the eruptive or innate species, which are more affected 
by the nature of the substance by which they are fed, are liable to greater changes when their matrix is 
altered. For it is a general rule, that the more a fungus is innate in the substance which produces it, the more 
it is not only imperfect, but affected by its situation, and vice-versa. Hence Csoma, which is of a very low 
order, consists of as many species as the plants upon which it grows, just as a vowel forms as many distinct 
words as it is combined with distinct consonants. 
The Clavati and Pileati, whicli chiefly depend upon the access of light, are in perfection from spring to 
autumn ; the Elvellaceae from autumn to spring. The Cupulati also depend much upon the operation of light, 
for in caverns or cellars they remain closed and spheeria-like. Such is the case with Peziza cerina, which in 
dark places, undergoes many metamorphoses; and Cenangium under similar circumstances, when some 
obstacle is offered to the developement of its hymenium, becomes deliquescent. Generally the terrestrial sorts 
agree in habitude with the preceding divisions ; but those which are eruptive are often in perfection for half 
a year together. 
Class III. Trcmellini. These are nearly akin t© the Pileati and Clavati, especially to Thelephora and 
Calocera ; and also to Elvellaceas, more particularly to Hygromilra, Peziza, Mollisia, Bulgaria, and Ditiola, 
but they are distinguished without difficulty by the characters assigned to them. 
Formerly all the genera were confounded under one, along with various species of Lichens and Algee. These 
