1056 
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
This order has been the cause or much difference among botanists, as to its true station in a natural classifi- 
cation, its structure being of so doubtful a character as to leave room for disputing whether it belongs to 
Dicotyledones or Monocotyledones. Upon this subject M. DecandoUe has the following remarks : " Gsertner 
declares that the embryo is undivided, and therefore monocotyledonous. In 1802, I remarked in the Bulletin 
Philomathique, that the embryo both of Nymphge'a and Nuphar is enclosed in a peculiar integument, and that 
a dicotyledonous structure is apparent when that integument is removed ; shortly after, M. Mirbel declared 
that the embryo of Nelumbium has two thick cotyledones ; in 1806, M. Turpin gave an accurate description 
of the fruit of Nelumbium luteum, without however removing the doubts about the real structure of the 
embryo, and two years afterwards his colleague, M. Poiteau, described the seed and germination of the same 
plant, pointing out that the embryo consisted of two thick cotyledons enclosed within a stipular membrane, but 
destitute of radicular this was subsequently confirmed by M. Mirbel after very minute anatomical examin- 
ation ; that observer compared the seed of Nelumbium to the seed of Amygdalus, and also to that of Piper 
and Saururus, and also demonstrated that the structure of the stem was analogous to that of exogenous or 
dicotyledonous plants. A very different opinion was shortly afterwards held by M. Correa de Serra, an observer 
of the highest order, who admitted indeed that Nymphseaceje are exogenous, but contended that the parts 
which had been taken by previous observers for cotyledons were, in fact, a mere expansion of the radicle, 
and that cotyledons were as entirely absent in Nelumbium as in Cuscuta. In the meanwhile M. de Jussieu 
adhered to the old opinion, that Nymphfeaceae are monocotyledonous ; in which he was supported by the late 
Professor Louis Claude Richard, a name for ever memorable in the annals of Carpology, who published a new 
view of their structure,, in which he differed materially from all his predecessors ; this botanist considered the 
stipulary membrane of Poiteau a simple cotyledon, and the cotyledons of that writer the hypoblastus, or body 
of the radicula ; he also refused to admit any evidence derived from the anatomical structure of the stem. In 
this conflict of opinions, I have determined to station Nymphaeacese among Exogenes, for the following 
reasons : 1st, because the structure of their stem is that of Exogenes rather than of Endogenes ; 2dly, because 
the two opposite bodies, enclosed within the little bag or stipulary membrane, described by Poiteau, appear to 
be undoubtedly cotyledons, which is confirmed by the presence of a plumula between them in Nelumbium ; 
Sdly, because of the structure of their flower, which has a great affinity with that of Paeonia, Magnolia, and 
Papaver ; 4thly, on account of the similarity between their fruit and stigma and that of Papaver ; 5thly, 
because of their milky juice and convolute leaves, two characters which are not known to exist among Endo- 
genes." Those who are interested in pursuing this curious discussion any farther, will find many remarks and 
illustrative figures in the English edition of the Analyse du Fruit, published by Mr. Lindley in 1819. 
1174 Nymphse'a W. 1176 Nuphar H. K. Wl Euryale H. K. 1213 Nelumbium J. 
Section 2. Carpella solitary or connate ; Placenfce parietal. 
Order X. PAPAVERACE^. 
These plants are better known for their medicinal properties than for their beauty. Some of them are the 
common pests of corn fields, and with grain have been disseminated over all the worlid. Sanguin4ria is a neat 
little American plant well known for its crimson juice, and the emetic purgative powers of its roots. Sara- 
cennia is a genus of very doubtful affinity ; consisting of curious little American marsh plants of difficult culture, 
and remarkable for the singular pitcher-like form of its leaves. The peculiar power of the poppy is, as is well 
known, narcotic ; a property which pervades all the order, although in a less intense degree in all than in the 
officinal P. somn'iferum, from which exclusively the drug opium is obtained. The Mexicans use the expressed 
oil of the seeds of Argemone mexicana for polishing furniture. 
1170 Papaver W. 1168 Rdmeria Med. 1172 Argemone W. 1073 Bocc6nia W. 
1165 Sanguinaria W. 1169 Glaucium J. 313 Hypecoum W. ? 1173 Saracenia W. 
1167 Chelidonium W. 1171 Mecon6psis Fig. 
Order XI. FUMARIACE^E. 
Tender herbs, with finely cut leaves and annual stems, abounding in a watery juice ; without any appear- 
ance of milkincss. They are reckoned slightly diaphoretic and aperient, but their medical properties are 
trifling. Formerly they were combined with Papaveraceae, from which they are now universally distin- 
guished. The greater part of them are natives of hedges or thickets in the cooler parts of the northern 
hemisphere ; two are natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Many of the species are beautiful ornaments of the 
flower-garden. 
1502 Corydalis Vent. 1504 Diclytra Dec. 1506 Sarcocapnos Dec. 
1503 Cysticapnos W. en. 1505 Adl6mia Raf. 1507 Fum&ria P. S. 
Order XII. CRUCIFER^. 
The importance of this order to mankind, and the singular nature of its botanical characters, render it 
expedient to speak very fully upon it : in which the remarks of the learned M. DecandoUe, who has paid 
Cruciferge particular attention, will be chiefly followed. The order consists wholly of annual or perennial, 
often biennial herbs, occasionally assuming a suffrutescent habit ; then, however, never exceeding the height 
of three feet. The roots are either thick and perennial, or annual or biennial and slender, almost always per- 
pendicular and undivided. The young roots are tipped with a bttle sheath, called the coleorhiza, which is 
produced by the extended ruptured coat of the epidermis when the rootlet first appears. This is a curious 
character, and deserves attention. The stems are round or somewhat angular, branched, and often, even in 
the annual species, indurated at the base. The branches proceed from the axilla; of the leaves, but the upper- 
most ones are abortive in most cases. The racemes are always opposite to the leaves ; sometimes the terminal 
branch is abortive when the raceme appears to be terminal ; but this is merely owing to that circumstance. 
The leaves are simple, generally radical or alternate, rarely opposite. The flowers are either white, yellow, 
or purple, or in a few Cape species bright blue. The fruit is called either a siliqua or silicula, the former 
being a linear pod containing many seeds, the latter a roundish pod containing one or very few seeds, whence 
this order, which is the same as the Linnsean class Tetradynamia, is divided by Linneeus into two parts, called 
SiliquosEB and SiliculosEB. In the seed, the radicle and cotyledons are applied to each other in different ways, 
from which the suborders of M. DecandoUe derive their characters. When the edge of the cotyledons is 
pressed close to the radicula, so that a cross section would be thus O = . the cotyledons are said to be accum- 
bent, as in all Pleurorhizeas ; when the side of the cotyledons is pressed to the radicula thus O 1 1 , the former 
are called incumbent, as in Notorhizeas. If the cotyledons are incumbent, and at the same time half folded 
together or conduplicate, thus Q > > » the suborder OrthoploccEe is formed ; when the cotyledons are 
incumbent and spirally twisted, so that a section would resemble this Oil 1 1 > they constitute the suborder 
SpirolobCEe; and finally, when the cotyledons are incumbent, and doubled twice in their length, thus O i I II 1 1 » 
we have Diplecolobefe. 
The whole order is preeminently European ; 166 species are found in the north and middle of Europe, and 
178 on the sea-shores of the Mediterranean ; 45 are found between Mogadore and Alexandria; 184 in the 
countries of the East, that is to say, Syria, Asia Minor, Tauria, and Persia ; 99 in Siberia; 35 in China, Japan, 
and India ; 16 in New Holland and the South Sea islands ; 6 in the Mauritius and adjacent countries ; 70 at 
the Cape ; 9 in the Canaries ; 2 in Saint Helena ; 2 in the West Indies ; 41 in South America ; 48 in North 
America; 5 in Kamtchatka and the bordering islands; and finally, 35 are common to several parts of the 
globe. From this it appears that there are about 100 species in the southern hemisphere, and about 800 in.tne 
northern : or, if they are considered with reference to the zones of temperature, 205 are natives of the frigid 
zone of the northern hemisphere; 30 of the whole of the tropics ; 548 of the temperate zone of the northern 
hemisphere; and 86 of t^ie southern. The forty-first degree of north latitude maybe considered the equa- 
