NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
1059 
Section 3. Ovarium solitary. Placenta central. 
Order XX. CARYOPHYLLE^. 
These consist of herbs or low undershrubs, inhabiting the mountains and pastures of all parts of the world. 
In Europe and Siberia they are particularly abundant, and least so in Africa and South America. Many are 
common weeds, as most of the Cerastiums, Spergulas, and others. Several of the Silenes are very ornamental, 
and among the Arenarias are to be found some dwarf species of considerable elegance. But it is in Dianthus 
that the pride of the order consists : this genus is almost unrivalled for the brilliancy of its colors, the neat- 
ness of its foliage, and the perfume of its flowers. From the finest of its species the title of the order has been 
derived. The virtues of Caryophylleas are slight. Saponaria officinalis, and one or two otliers, have been 
praised for possessing antisyphilitic properties ; the root of Sil^ne virginiana is reputed anthelmintic j and the 
Arenaria peploides, being fermented, is used by the Icelanders for food. 
Tribe 1. Silenes. 
1044. Gyps6phila W. 1047 Cucubalus L. 1066 Agrostemma W. 
1046 Dianthus W. 1048 Silene L. 604 Vel<5zia W. 
1045 Saponaria W. 1067 Lychnis W. 687 Drypis W. 
Tribe 2. Alsine>e. 
91 Ortegia W. 931 Elatine W. 1070 Sjiergula W. 1050 Aren&ria TV. 
311 BufFonia W. 225 Mollugo IV. 1069 Larbrea St.Hil. 1068 Cerastium W. 
319 Sagma W. 691 Pharnaceum W. 1049 Stellaria W. 1051 Cherl^ria W. 
920 Moehringia W. 220 Holusteum W. 688 Alsine IV. 
Order XXI. LlNEiE. 
Separated by M. DecandoUe from Caryophylles, from which it is well distinguished by its fruit having 
several cells, or in the language of the botanist just named, being formed by the cohesion of several carpella. 
Most of the species are pretty plants, bearing yellow, blue, or white flowers. They are of immense import- 
ance in the world, on account of the tenacity of their fibres when made into flax. The seeds of common flax 
are between mucilaginous and oily ; the leaves of Linum catharticum and L. selaginoidcs, the latter a native 
of Peru, are purgative. 
701 Linum W. 321 Rad'iola Sm. 
Order XXIL FR ANKENI ACEiE. 
Distinguished from Caryophylle^ by the fruit not having a central separate placenta, but bearing the seeds 
on the inner margin of the valves. The species are natives of arid situations in Europe, Africa, and South 
America. They have not much beauty, and no known medical properties. Besides the genus here recorded, 
there are two others mentioned by M. Decandolle. ■ 
835 Frankenia W. 
Order XXIII. MALVACE^. 
Before this order was dismembered of Bombaceee and Byttneriaceas, it contained most of the grandest flowers 
in nature. Even now, the splendour of the various species of Malva, Althge'a, to which the hollyhock belongs, 
aryl Hibiscus, renders it one of the most remarkable groups of plants. With the exception of the numerous 
genus Sida, nearly all Malvaceas are objects worthy of the gardener's care, particularly those which are hardy. In 
stoves or greenhouse, the softness of their branches and leaves render them peculiarly liable to the attacks of the 
red spider, mealy bug, and scale, from which few collections are free ; a circumstance which makes them less 
generally esteemed than the surpassing beauty of many of them merits. The greater part of the order is 
clothed with stellate pubescence, and a reniform one-celled anther is a character common to the whole. 
These two peculiarities, together with tlie alternate stipulate leaves, distinguish Malvacea? from all the rest of 
Dichlamydese. All the species abound in a nutritive mucilage ; a quality which renders the young heads of 
the Ochro, or Hibiscus esculentus, an object of great value within the tropics, as an ingredient in soups. In 
Brazil, the Abutilon esculentum serves the same purposes. The emollient properties of Althas'a officinalis, 
or Guimauve of the French, are well known to physicians, as a remedy for catarrhs and pulmonary complaints. 
A decoction of the leaves of Sphaeralcea cisplatina is used for similar objects in Brazil. A species of Pavonia 
is employed in the same country as a diuretic in the form of a decoction. The straight shoots of Sida 
micrantha are employed as rocket-sticks at Rio Janeiro. The chewed leaves of Sida carpinifolia allay the 
inflammation occasioned by the stings of wasps. The tough fibres of many Malvacese are manufactured 
into cordage. Their petals are astringent ; whence those of Hibiscus Rosa sinensis are used in China to 
blacken the eyelashes and the leather of shoes. The fibrous threads in which the seeds of Gossypium are 
enveloped furnish the valuable cotton, an article of immense importance to the world ; these threads when 
examined by the microscope, will be seen to be finely toothed, w hich explains the cause of their adhering 
together with greater facility than those of Bombax and several Apocine», which are destitute of teeth, and 
which cannot be spun into thread without an admixture of cotton. 
1471 Malope W. 1476 Malachra W. 1487 Sida W. 1482 Redoutea Vent. 
1472 Malva W. 1477 Ur^-na W. 1478 Pavonia W. 1483 Palavia W. 
1475 Lavat^ra W. 1484 Cristaria Cav. 1479 Achania W. 1488 Lagunea W. 
1474 Althae'a W. 1485 Anoda Cav. 1480 Hibiscus W. 1481 Gossypium iV. 
1473 Kitaibelia W. 1486 Periptera Dec. 
Order XXIV. BOMBACE^. 
Distinguished from the last by the imbricate aestivation of the calyx, and the arrangement of the stamens 
in five sets, or, in Linnsean language, brotherhoods. The species are mostly fine trees with large showy 
flowers, and natives of the troi)ics. Some of them are among the largest trees in the world ; Adansonia, the 
Baobab of Senegal, has been seen with a diameter of twenty-five feet, and specimens of Bombax Ceiba, and 
Eriodt^ndron anfractu6sum, are not uncommon an hundred feet in height. The wood of all the species is light 
and soft, as in Malvaceze, from which this order probably does not difl[er in its medicinal properties. 
1458 Ochr6ma W. 1490 Carolinea W. 1492 Bombax W. 
1466 Helicteres W. 1491 Adansonia W. 1493 Myrodia W. 
Order XXV. BYTTNERl ACE^. 
Much the same kind of plants as those of the two last orders, from which they were not formerly dis- 
tinguished ; and from which they scarcely differ, except in their bilocular anthers. Many of the Sterculias 
are fine umbrageous trees, the seeds of which are large and eatable ; especially those of the famous Kola, 
which possess the property, being chewed, of rendering bad water pleasant to "the palate. The seeds of the 
Chicha, another and very noble species of the genus, are highly esteemed in Brazil for the dessert. Astrapaa'a, 
and several other genera related to it, are among the most beautiful in the world. The flowers of a species of 
Pentap^tes, called by the Indians, Machucunha, give out a mucilaginous refrigerant juice, which is employed 
in gonorrhgea. Guazuma ulmifolia has its fruit filled with a pleasant mucilage, which is sweet and very 
agreeable; an extract of the bark of the same plant is used in Martinique to clarify sugar; its old bark is 
