NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
1061 
for the prurient hairs produced on the surface of their leaves ; their fruit is eatable, their timber of a deep 
red color, and their bark a febrifuge. Their showy pink or yellow flowers, and firm neat foliage, render all 
this order worthy of cultivation, except Aspicarpa, which is a weed. 
1054 Malpighia W. 1056 HircD'a W. 1007 Gsertnera JV. 
1055 Banisteria W. 29 Aspicarpa Mich. 
Order XXXV. HYPERICINE^. 
The whole of these abound in a resinous juice, and are in most cases glandular in some degree. Their leaves 
are all dotted, and which is very remarkable, the dots are often black, even upon the yellow petals. These 
latter have a singular obliquity, which is not indicated by their outline, but by the arrangement of their 
veins. The juice just noticed as abundant in this order is yellow, viscid, rather bitter, often purgative or 
anthelmintic ; and so very analogous to Gamboge, that the juice of Hypericum baccatum, and some other 
Guiana species, has received the name of American Gamboge. Most HypericinecS are bitter, and slightly 
astringent, whence they have been used as febrifuges. A small part of the order is tropical ; but in its most 
genuine form it consists of herbaceous or undershrubby plants, delighting in the shade of groves and thickets 
in the cooler parts of Europe and Asia. Nearly all the flowers are yellow j those of H. cochinchinense are 
dull red. 
1617 Hypericum W. 1618 Ascyrum W. 694 Parnassia W. 
Order XXXVI. GUTTIFER^. 
Trees or shrubs found in the hottest parts of the world, and well known by their thick entire opposite leaves 
and resinous juice. In the countries where they grow they are of great importance. One, the Garcinia 
mangostana, bears a fruit, the equal of which is supposed not to exist. The well known Gamboge is the in- 
spissated juice of Garcinia Gamb6gia, and, perhaps, other species ; the juice of others is found an efficacious 
vermifuge, and also a remedy for the chiggers, one of the worst pests of equinoctial America. The bark and 
fruit of many Garcinias are astringent. The unripe fruits of Grias cauliflora are pickled. The flowers of all 
the order being showy, the foliage good, and the properties interesting, every species deserves cultivation. 
1079 Garcinia W. 1190 Mammea W. 2151 Clusia W. 
1085 Can^lla W. 1616 Xanthochymus Roxb. 1188 Grias W. 
1189 Calophyllum W. 
Order XXXVIT. VINIFER^ 
The vine is the type and representative of this order. Cissus and Ampelopsis differ little from it in botan- 
ical characters, and not at all in habit. The common grape is the only species that bears really good fruit; 
the American kinds, with large fleshy berries, being spoiled by a disagreeable foxy flavor, which is not found 
to be removed by cultivation, 
501 Vitis P. S. 502 Ampel6psis W. 305 Cissus TV. 454 Leea JV. 
Order XXXIII. GERANIACE^. 
The Geraniums are well known to all gardeners for their beauty, and the facility with which hybrid 
varieties are produced among them. Geranium and Erodium are chiefly natives of the northern hemisphere ; 
and Pelargonium of the southern. Different as they appear from Vinifera; in most respects, there are some 
points in which a curious resemblance may be found between the two orders. The young stems of both are 
articulated and separable at the articulations ; and the lower leaves are opposite, while the upper ones are 
alternate. In Geraniacea; no tendrils are produced, but the peduncles are opposite to the leaves, as in Vitis, 
and occupy the place of tendrils. M. Decandolle observes, that of the true Geraniaceae, some are slightly 
acid, especially those of which the leaves and bark are succulent ; several exhale a resinous smell which is 
sometimes agreeable, but occasionally so powerful as to be unpleasant. The resinous principle is so abundant 
in Geranium spinosum, that its stem burns like a torch, and exhales an agreeable perfume. The most 
common property of European geraniums is to be astringent, which is chemically determined by their juice 
being blackened by sulphate of iron ; this is particularly remarkable in G. Robertianum and sanguineum, 
which are both accounted vulnerary, and in G. moschatum, pratense, and others, in which it is united to a 
slight aromatic principle, whence they have been recommended for various purposes, and among others for 
removing calculous disorders. The astringent property of the geraniums is also present in.G. maculatum, 
which grows in much abundance about Philadelphia; the root of this plant, boiled in milk, is used for the 
cholera in children. Barton is of opinion, that it would be a good substitute for gum kino in nephritis and 
obstinate diarrhoeas. 
1460 Erodium W. 1461 Pelargonium W. 1463 Geranium W. 1465 Mons6nia W. 
Order XXXIX. OXALIDE^. 
Formerly confounded with the last order. It is the opinion of modern botanists, that the species are more 
nearly allied to Rulacete or Zygophylles, and that their character and peculiar habit is quite sufficient to 
distinguish them. The beauty of the genus O'xalis is very great, and the readiness with which the species 
may be cultivated and caused to flower, would have been expected to make them universal favorites ; they are 
not, however, much seen in cultivation. Their properties are well known : all of them have a slightly acid 
taste, whence some have occasionally been employed as salad; their acidity is very agreeable and depends 
upon the presence of a small quantity of oxalate of potassa. In some of the species of equinoctial America 
oxalic acid exists in great abundance. Several species are employed in Brazil as a remedy for certain fevers 
of that country. 
1064 Bioph:ytum Dec. 1065 O'xalis W. 1058 Averrh6a W. 
Order XL. TROPiEOLE.E. 
' These are climbing or trailing herbs with handsome solitary axillary flowers, and fleshy stems and leaves. 
They are distinguished from Geraniacea2 by their stamens being separate, and not agreeing in number with the 
petals ; by their axillary flowers, and fleshy indehiscent fruit. It is very curious, that this is the only order 
in which the peculiar acrid flavor of Crucifera; is found to exist. Tropje'olum pentaphyllum, with probably 
other species, is a powerful antiscorbutic. All are natives of shady places in various parts of South America. 
The roots of some are fleshy and eatable. 
875 Tropae'olum W. 
Order XLI. BALSAIMINE^. 
The flower of this order has been remarked by a learned botanist to be that of Fumariaceae, the capsule of 
O'xalis, the embryo of Linum, and the habit peculiar. The .well-known elastic spring with whicli the seeds 
are ejected, constitutes a principal character of the order. All the species are annuals, with the exception of 
Impatiens fruticosa ; they delight in moist hot situations, generally within the tropics; and are remarkable 
for the singularity and varied colors of their flowers. 
538 Impatiens W. 
Order XLII. ZYGOPHYLLE^. 
The hardness of the wood of the shrubby species of this order is most remarkable, if the softness of the 
stems of the herbaceous ones is remembered. To this the extreme difficulty of propagating Guaiacum is to 
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