1070 
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
they operate violently both as purgatives and emetics. The leaves of Sedum telephium are occasionally 
eaten as a vegetable, but they are always found to leave behind a slight and unpleasant taste of burning. 
1061 Sedum W. 927 V^rea JV. 874 Septas W. 699 Crdssula TV. 
1110 Sempervivum TV. 698 R6chea Dec. 1062 Penth6rura W. 320 Tillie'a W. 
1060 Cotyledon W. 928 Bryophyllum Sal. 
Order LXXV. SAXIFRAGES. 
The whole of these plants constitute the glory and delight of the cultivator of alpine plants. This is to be 
attributed to the neatness and perpetual verdure of their leaves, and the exquisite simplicity and elegance of 
their flowers, rather than to any striking attractions, of which they are wholly destitute : their blossoms 
being generally white or pale pink, occasionally becoming brownish-purple. All the genuine species are 
humble herbaceous plants, affecting mountainous situations, but occasionally found in marshes by the sides of 
springs, and even upon dry walls. All are natives of cold i-egions, or of the most temperate mountainous 
situations of hot ones. They are slightly astringent ; some of them, as Heuchera americana, eminently so. 
Infusions of the leaves have been reckoned lithontriptic, and the powdered root of the last-named plant is 
used with success in cancerous disorders. Hydrangea, which is shrubby, is not a legitimate inhabitant of 
the order. 
1041 Saxifraga W. 1043 Mitella W. 930 Adoxa W. 1040 Chrysosplenium JV. 
1042 Tiarella JV. 606 Heuchera JV. 361 Galax JV. 1039 Hydrangea JV. 
Order LXXVI. PHILADELPHEiE. 
This consists at present of a single genus, which was formerly referred to Myrtaceae, but which has lately 
been separated with much acuteness by Mr. Don. The species are hardy ornamental shrubs, natives of North 
America, with white flowers ; in some cases fragrant. Nothing is known of their properties. 
1114 Philad^lphus JV. 
Order LXXVII. CUNONIACES. 
These were formerly included in Saxifrages, from which Mr. Brown first distinguished them. They are 
shrubs of the southern hemisphere, mostly with pinnated leaves and white flowers. Callicoma and Baudra, 
which have simple leaves, are elegant green-house shrubs. The bark of a species of Weinmannia is employed 
in Peru for tanning leather, and is said to be also used for adulterating the quinquina. Nothing is known of 
the properties of the remainder. 
1038 Cuninia JV. 1099 Callicoma B. R. 1199 Bau^ra H. K. 919 Weinmannia L. 
Order LXXVIII. ARALIACE.iE. 
Araliacea? are a slight divergence from the well-known Umbellifera?, with which they nearly agree in habit, 
except in being frutescent, and from which they are obviously distinguished by their 5-celled fruit. Their 
flowers have no beauty, but the foliage of many is extremely fine, especially of the species of Actinophyllum ; 
that of our common ivy must not be omitted. Their medicinal properties are much the same as those of 
Umbelliferse, except the fruit, which differs in virtues as it does in botanical structure. Their bark exudes 
an aromatic gum resin, as in Aralia umbellifera. Their roots are tonic, with, in some cases, the flavor of 
parsnep. The famous ginseng, which is produced by a Panax, is reputed to have powerful tonic, restorative, 
and even aphrodisiacal qualities j but it is probable that these have been greatly exaggerated. 
607 Cuss6nia I,. 697 Actinophyllum ^ P. 1109 Gastonia Jmm. 
696 Aralia JV. 549 Hddera JV. 2166 Panax JV. 
Order LXXIX. UMBELLIFERA. 
One of the least attractive groups of plants, and at the same time one of the most important to the 
world. They are not more useful as food than they are dangerous as poison ; while in their native ditches 
they are often suspicious lurid weeds, but under the influence of cultivation they lay aside their venom, and 
become wholesome food for man. They are generally recognised by their hollow stems and cut leaves, with 
what botanists call a sheathing petiole ; that is to say, with a petiole, the base of which wraps round the stem. 
Their flowers are mostly white or greenish, rarely, as in Astrantia, some species of Caucalis, and others, of a 
pink color. The inflorescence is umbellate, and their fruit consists of two ribbed portions, improperly called 
seeds, which are held together by a common axis, and a thickened discus. All are natives of damp ditches ot 
way-sides, in cool parts of the world ; in the tropics they are either extremely rare or wholly unknown, and 
when present, have generally a character unlike that of our European species. The simplicity of their 
structure, and uniformity of their appearance, has rendered their classification a matter of very great difficulty. 
It has been attempted in modern days by Lagasca, Sprengel, and Koch, all of whom have added something to 
our knowledge; but much still remains to be done. The arrangement of Professor Sprengel, objectionable as 
it is many points, is here adopted as the most perfect, upon the whole, of any yet published. The culinary 
and agricultural importance of many species is well known ; the parsnep and carrot form a large part of the 
staple winter store of the inhabitants of Europe, as the Arracachas do of those of South America ; and the 
Prangos of Thibet is supposed to be the most important and productive of any in the whole world, as a 
forage plant. The medicinal properties of Umbelliferae are not more powerful than they are at variance with 
each other. While the seeds of some are aromatic, and stimulating in the highest degree, the fresh roots and 
leaves of others are not less narcotic. This has been supposed to arise from the difference in the state of the 
sap in different parts of the plant ; and it has been thought that the narcotic principle is only to be 
found in the ascending sap, while the aromatic stimulant properties are found in the juices, which are fully 
elaborated and matured. It has been already observed, that their dangerous properties are often removed by 
cultivation ; the common celery is a familiar instance of this ; but the most remarkable, that of CEnanthe 
pimpinelloides, a most dangerous species when wild, which is cultivated about Angers for the sake of its roots, 
which are there called Jouanettes, and about Saumur, where they are known by the name of M^chons. The 
roots of some Umbelliferae contain a large proportion of sugar; those of the carrot, when dried, more than an 
eighth ; those of the parsnep just an eighth ; and those of the chervil about eight parts in 100. Galbanum, 
Upopanax, and Assafoetida, are all the produce of different species of UmbelliferEB. 
Tribe 1. Desciscentes. 
2165 Arctopus JV. 622 Eryngium JV. 644 Actinotus Lab. 637 Dondia Sprang. 
548 Lagoecia JV. 624 Echinophora JV. 623 Sanicula JV. 674 Astrantia JV. 
Tribe 2. Hydrocotylin^. 
658 Hydroc6tyle JV. 659 Spananthe Jacq. 
Tribe 3. Bupleurin^. 
657 Bupleurum JV. 2147 Hdrmas 
Tribe 4. PiMPiNELLEiE. 
635 Pimpinella JV. 647 Sison JV. 656 Cnidium Cuss. 651 A'pium W. 
629 Ledebljria Lk. 652 Agopodium JV. 632 CEnanthe JV. 653 Meum Jacq. 
642 Seseli JV. 655 Carum JF. 636 Phellandrium JV. 
