1072 
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
and Psychotria herMcea, which are often used as ipecacuanha. The seed of the Coffea furnishes the valuable 
beverage which is so much esteemed in Europe and the East, under the name of coffee. 
Section I. STELLATM. 
266 Galium TV. 268 Aspdrula W. 271 Crucianella W. 617 Phyllis W. 
267 R6bia W. 269 Sherardia W. 2136 Valantia W. 
270 Spermacoce W. 
285 Chom^lia W. 
288 Ixora W. 
292 Siderodendrum W. 
Section II. 
290 Pavetta W. 479 Coffea W. 483 Psychotria W. 
291 Ernodea Swx. 480 Chiococca W. 495 P16cama W. 
294 Mltchclla iV. 482 C&nthium Pers. 833 Rich^rdia L. 
439 Paederia W. 494 Webera W. 
Section III. 
287 Bouvardia H. K. 
261 Houstonia W. 
293 Coccocypsilum W. 
295 Olden landia W. 
296 Manettia W. 
406 Ophiorhiza L. 
456 Dcnteila W 
457 Macrocnemum W. 
460 Rondeletia W. 
455 Spermadictyon i?ox6. 
8 32 ffillia JT. 
289 Catesbae'a L. 
485 Posoqu^ria ^mSZ. 
458 Exostemma Rich. 
462 Portlandia ^-F. 
461 Coutar^a Aubl. 
487 Gardenia P. S. 
488 Gen'ipa P. S. 
489 Oxyanthus D^c. 
490 Randia P. S. 
491 Mussffi'nda W. 
492 Pinckn^ya AficA. 
481 Serissa W. 
Sectiov IV. 
493 Erithalis W. 486 Vanguiera W. 1981 Guett&rda W. 
Section V. 
484 Hamellia W. 
Section VI. 
497 Cephaelis W. 498 Sarcoc^phalus Afz. 286 Adlna Sal. 459 Burcht<lHa R. Rr. 
496 Morinda W. 521 Na<iclea W. 9.75 Cephalanthus TV. 2060 Anthosp<5rmum JV. 
Order LXXXV. OPERCULARINEiE. 
Exotic weeds, nearly related to Rubiaceffi, Their properties are unknown. M de Jussieu has remarked 
that their affinity to Valerianese is supported by the curious circumstance, that birds devour the young shoots 
of the Opercularias as they do those of the Corn-salads. 
250 Opercularia W. 251 Cryptosp^rmum P. S. 
Order LXXXVI. VALERIANEtE. 
Small herbaceous plants, more interesting for the sake of their symmetry and neatness, than on account of 
any particular attractions : they may be considered a connecting link between Rubiaceae and Dipsacea;. 
Many of the Valerians, and all the Patrinias, are pretty plants. The Valerian^llas are useful esculents, 
known under the name of corn-salads. Their medicinal properties are of a decisive character. Tise roots 
of Valeriana officinalis, Phu, and others, are bitter, tonic, aromatic, antispasmodic, and vermifugal ; 
they are occasionally used as febrifuges. The odour of Valerian is not generally agreeable, but the Orientals 
collect with care, on the mountains of Austria, the roots of Valeriana c^ltica, with which they perfume their 
baths ; and the natives of India, at this day, employ the Valeriana jatamansi, the spikenard of old times, as a 
perfume, and against hysterics and epilepsy. 
20 Centranthus Mich. 78 Valeriana W. 80 Valerianella Dec. 
72 Fedia Dec. 79 Patrinia JV. 
Order LXXXVII. DIPSACEA. 
Very nearly akin to Compositse, of which they have nearly the habit. All are herbaceous plants with 
flowers growing in heads. Some of the Scabiosas are very handsome, and popular border flowers. The whole 
tribe is cultivated with great facility. Some of the species of Scabi6sa have been employed as diaphoretic and 
antisyphilitic, but are now neglected. 
70 Morina W. 263 Cephalaria Schr. 265 Knaiitia JV. 
262 Dipsacus JV. 264 Scabi6sa JV. 
Order LXXXVIII. CALYCEREiE. 
Obscure weedy South American plants, differing from Compositee, chiefly in the position of their ovula. 
1842 Acicarpa Juss. 
Order LXXXIX, COMPOSITE. 
A most extensive and natural order, obviously characterized by the cohesion of their antherse, and the 
arrangement of their florets in involucrated heads, or calathidia, as they are now called. Most of them may 
be said to be ornamental plants, and yet but a very few hold that station in the opinion of the public. It is 
difficult to account for this circumstance, nor is this the place to enter upon such an investigation ; certain, 
however, it is, that with the exception of Dahlias, the varieties of Chrysanthemum sinense, and a few Calen- 
dulas and Arctotises, and perhaps Tagetes, scarcely a single Composita now finds a place in a fashionable 
flower garden. The prevailing color of the flower in the order is yellow ; red, purple, or scarlet, being com- 
paratively uncommon. The species inhabit every part of the world, and in all, perhaps, in nearly equal pro- 
portions : — in Europe and the north of the world they are chiefly herbaceous ; but within the tropics, they 
are more frequently frutescent. Their medical properties are very important ; Tussilago farfara. Chamomile, 
I'nula, Solidago Virgaurea, Matricaria Parthenium, Stevia febrif6ga, and Eupatorium perfoliatum, are 
instances of the presence of tonic and febrifugal properties ; Tanac^tum and Santolina are anthelmintic ; Matri- 
caria and the Achilleas emmenagogue ; some Eupatoriums, Achill^as, Artemisias, and Calendulas, are sudorific ; 
certain Liatrises are diuretic, and Erigeron philadelphicum is both sudorific and diuretic. Ptarmica and 
A'rnica are sternutatory, and Spilanlhes, Siegesb^ckia orientalis, A'nthemis pyrethrum, and others, power- 
fully excite salivation ; finally, many Achilleas, Chamomile, Tanacetum, and Eupat6riums, are tonic and 
antispasmodic. Others seem to possess all these properties combined, and are reckoned among the best 
alexiterics, as the Ayapana of Brazil, and the Guaco of Peru. Every one knows the excellent and refreshing 
flavor communicated to vinegar by Tarragon : the same effects are produced in the Alps by Achillea n^ina, 
Artemisia glacialis, rup^stris, and spicata. Some species of Achillea, Bellis, and Artemisia have been used as 
substitutes for tea. The seeds of many Compositse, as Madia and Verbesina, yield a copious oil ; and the.fleshy 
roots of Helianthus tuber6sus, a wholesome food for man. The juice of Lact6ca virosa is highly narcotic, and 
has been even employed with extraordinary advantage as a substitute for opium. It is not necessary to men- 
tion the utility of the leaves of the lettuce, the endive, the succory, the cardoon, or the roots of Scorzonera 
and Salsafis, as culinary productions ; they must be familiar to all our readers ; as also the fleshy receptacle of 
the artichoke and some other plants. The flowers of Echinops strigosus are used as a kind of tinder j those 
