1078 
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
and a few more are shrubs. They are found abundantly in Europe, Siberia, and the North of Africa, less 
commonly in India, and the equinoctial parts of the world ; in some quantity in North America, and in 
tolerable abundance inNew Holland. Within the tropics the order is principally represented by Heliotropiums 
and Tournefortias ; in colder laiitudes by Anchusas, Cynoglossums, herbaceous E chiums, and the like. 
Some are mere weeds, quite unworthy of culture; others are eminently beautiful, as many E'chiums, 
Onosmas, Onosmodiums, Symphytums, and others. In general they are mucilaginous and emollient, qualities 
which are especially abundant in the root of Symphytum and Cynoglussum. Pure nitre has been found in 
several plants of the order. A red color is given out by Anchi'isa tinctoria, Lithospermum tinctorium, and 
On6sma echioides, which is used in dying. Several plants are employed on the same account in America. The 
Hydrophyllea? are often considered as distinct, on account of their capsular fruit and cartilaginous albumen. 
One or two of these are pretty plants, but most of them mere weeds. 
Tribe 1. Asperifolije. 
316 Cold^nia W. 
325 Heliotr6pium L. 
326 Myosotis B. P. 
327 Kchinosp^rmum Sio. 
£•28 Mattia Sch. 
329 Tiaridium Lehm. 
330 Lithospermum W. 
331 Batschia Mich. 
332 On6sma W. 
333 Anchusa W. 
334 Symphytum W. 
335 Onosmodium Mich. 
336 Cynoglossum W. 
337 Omphalodes Lehm. 
338 Pulmonaria W. 
339 Cerinthe W. 
340 Borago W. 
341 Trichodesma R.Br. 
342 Asperugo W. 
343 N6nea Mb'iich. 
344 Lycopsis W. 
345 E'chium W. 
346 Tournef.'irtia R. Br. 
347 Nolana W. 
Tribe 2. Hydrophylle^e. 
372 Hydrophyllum W. 373 Phacelia Mick. 386 Nemophila Nutt. 432 EUisia W. 
Order CIX. CORDIACEJE. 
Trees formerly referred to the last order, from which their habit, plaited cotyledons, and dichotomous style 
divide them. Little is known of their properties, except that the flesh of their fruit is emollient and muci- 
laginous. The nuts of Cordia Sebest^na are employed sometimes as laxatives. 
428 Cordia W. 429 Varr6nia JV. 430 Ehretia TV. 431 Bourr^ria G.ert. 
Order CX. SOLANE^. 
The baneful nightshade represents this order, which participates very generally in its qualities, although 
they are frequently hidden beneath a fairer form, and often much mitigated, Many of the Solanums are very 
handsome. The Verbascums, Daturas, and Solandras are all plants of great beauty, although the former, on 
account of their frequency, are despised in gardens. Capsicums are famous for their pungent fruit and seeds ; 
Brunsfelsias for their fragrance, and Nicotianas, or Tobacco, for their fcetor. The leaves indeed of the whole 
order are disagreeably scented. The usual eftlct of Solanese is narcotic ; but it is thought that this has been 
exaggerated, on account of the intense and deleterious properties of A'tropa belladonna. These, accord- 
ing to the observations of Vauquelin, depend upon the presence of a bitter nauseous matter which is soluble 
in spirits of wine, forming with tannin an insoluble compound, and giving out ammonia when decomposed by 
fire. Notwithstanding the narcotic power of the roots of the Mandrake, the Belladonna, and others, those of 
the potato are found to contain an al)undant faecula, which is among the most valuable food of man. The 
leaves of many Solanos are exciting and narcotic, but in very unequal degree, as in Tobacco, Physalis, 
Henbane, &c. ; those of the Nightshade excite vertigo, convulsions, and vomiting. The juice of Stramonium 
is given in North America, in doses of from twenty to thirty grains, in cases of epilepsy. The fruit of 
Physalis Alkekengi is a veterinary diuretic ; that of P. edulis is used in tarts ; that of Solanum Lycopersicum, 
and Melongena, is served at table in various forms, under the name of Tomatoes and Aubergines. 
375 Verbascum W. 
374 Ramonda P. S. 
1377 Alonsoa H. K. 
1376 Celsia IV. 
376 Datura W. 
311 Brugmansia P. S. 
380 Nicandra J. 
381 Hyoscyamus L. 
382 Nicotiana IV. 
446 A'tropa W. 
447 Mandragora W. en. 
448 Physalis JV. 
449 Saracha FL per. 
273 Witheringia W. 
4,50 Lycium IV. 
371 v^stia W.en. 
451 Solanum W. 
452 Nyct^rium Vent. 
453 Capsicum W. 
1336 Crescentia W. 
1315 Brunsf^lsia W. 
445 Solandra JV. 
446 Cestrum JV. 
1378 Anthocercis R. Br. 
1000 ? C6don JV. 
Order CXI. OROBANCHE^. 
Leafless parasites on roots, with brown or colorless scaly stems and flowers. 
1335 Orobanche JV. 1339 Lathreea W. 
Order CXII. SCROPHULARINEiE. 
A great part of Linneeus's Didynamia Angiospermia is found here, capsular fruit and didynamous stamens 
being among the most obvious characteristics of the order. The species are generally herbs with opposite 
leaves, very rarely shrubs , and natives of mountains, valleys, ditches, woods, and waysides, in all parts of the 
world. The Personata have the palate so prominent as to close up the orifice of the corolla. Ringentes have 
the palate open. Some are highly ornamental, as Digitalis, Pedicularis, Calceolaria, &c., others are mere 
weeds, as is the case with a large proportion of them. Most of them have a weak unpleasant smell, a bitterish 
taste, and acrid and suspicious properties ; but this odor is sweet and aromatic in the Ambulia of Lamarck j 
the taste is refreshing in Mirauius Kiteus, which is a culinary plant in Peru, and the ordinary acrid properties 
become emollient in some Antirrhinums. The RhinanthaccEe are remarkable for their astringent tonic bark 
and leaves. '1 he leaves and roots of Scrophularia aquatica, Gratiola olficinalis and peruviana, and Calceolaria, 
act as purgatives, or in strong doses produce vomiting : these properties exist, in a high degree, in Digitalis 
purpurea. The leaves of this plant, reduced to powder, excite vomiting and vertigo, excite urine and saliva, 
and lower the pulse: in too strong doses they cause death ; in moderate doses they are useful in scrophula, 
dropsy, asthma, &c. 
1343 Antirrhinum J. 
1344 Linaria J. 
1345 Anarrhinum BesJ. 
Tribe 1. PERSONATiE (or RHINANrHACE.E). 
1346 Nem^sia Vent. 1342 Euphrasia W. 
1347 Maurandva JV. 
1349 Pedicularis W. 
1340 Rhinanthus JV. 
1341 Bartsia W. 
1337 Castill^ja Sm. 
1299 Tourr^ttia J. 
1298 Chelone JV. 
Tribe 2. Ringentes. 
40 Veronica JV. 
43 Gratiola JV. 
51 Calceolaria W. 
276 Scoparia JV. 
'279 Buddlea JV. 
19.91 Pentstt^mon JV. 
863 Disandra JV. 
1338 Halleria JV. 
1348 Gerardia JV. 
1350 Erinus JV. 
1351 Mimulus JV. 
13.52 Hornemannia JV. en. 
1353 Mazus Lour. 
1354 lsap]ex\s Lindl. 
1355 Digitalis JV. 
1356 Scrophularia TV. 
1357 Vand^llia L. 
1358 Sibthorpia JV. 
1359 Limosella T'V. 
1360 Browallia JV. 
1361 Stemodia JV. 
1362 Trevirana JV. en. 
1363 Columnea JV. 
1364 Russ^iia JV. 
1365 Dodartia TV. 
1366 Lindernia R. Br. 
1367 Herpestis R. Br. 
1368 Capraria P. S. 
1369 Buchnera B. P. 
1370 Manulea JV. en. 
1371 Angelonia Kth. 
1372 Schizanthus R. 8( P. 
1373 Besleria JV. 
1374 Te^dia P S. 
1379 Cymbaria JV. 
