1084 
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
Among them is now numbered the loftiest tree in the world, a species of pine found by Mr. Douglas in 
California, which grows 220 feet high, with a circumference of 60 feet. Pitch, turpentine, Venice turpentine, 
are produced by various species. Gum Sandaracb, by Th6ja quadrivalvis ; a matter like olibanum, by Juniperus 
lycia ; a sort of liquid storax, by Altingia excelsa. The Juniperuses in which the resin is " incompletely 
oxygenized," are more fragrant, and also stimulating in a greater degree ; as the savin for example. The 
berries of many of these plants possess similar qualities. Their seeds are all oily ; those of Pinus Pinea, 
C^mbra, and Lambertiana, and Salisburia adiantifolia, are eatable as nuts. The fleshy fruit of the ivy, which is 
poisonous, is an exception to the general innoxious character of the order. Coniferze are mostly inhabitants 
of the northern parts of the world, where they form immense forests, and supply with their dense persistent 
leaves the place occupied by the evergreen trees of warmer climates. A few are found in the southern 
hemisphere. 
2012 Pinus W. 2017 Cupressus W. 2112 Araucaria J. 1970 Exocarpus Lab. 
ms A'hies Salisb. 2018 Thuja fT. 2010 BiVis Salisd. 201fi Podocarpus Z'Aen 
2014 Larix Salisb. 2113 Juniperus W. 2011 A'gathis Salisb. 2114 Taxus W. 
2015 Schubertia Mirb. 
Order CXLVI. CHLORANTHE^. 
Obscure Asiatic weeds of no known use, and wholly destitute of interest for gardens. 
25 Chloranthus W. 
Order CXLVII. PIPERACE^. 
The peppers are far more valuable in commerce than interesting in cultivation, their flowers being in all 
cases very insignificant, and their leaves so uniform in appearance, as to create but little variety. Nearly the 
whole indeed of the herbaceous species or Peper6mias, as they are sometimes called, are mere weeds. The 
berry of the pepper is well known to be hot, aromatic, pungent, and stimulating ; not only in the common 
peppers of the shops, but also in P. cubeba, carpunga, and heterophyllum. The Piper anisatum yields a strong 
smell of anise; a decoction of its berries is used in Spanish America for washing ulcers. The Piper Betel and 
Sirib6a afford the Malays a powerfully acrid and exciting preparation, which, they suppose, invigorates and ena- 
bles them to withstand the debilitating influence of their climate. In the South Sea Islands, an inebriating 
beverage is procured by the mixture of the leaves and stems of P. inebrians with water. No pepper has yet 
been found beyond the limits of the tropics. Saurtirus is the representative of the order in extra-tropical 
countries. 
77 Piper W. 872 Saururus W. 
Order CXLVIII. CYCADE^. 
The true station of this very curious order is extremely uncertain. Although placed here in conformity 
with the common practice, it is to be supposed that its true station is in the immediate vicinity of ferns, with 
which the species agree in vernation, and in many curious particulars. All are natives of countries beyond 
the reach of frosts, chiefly of the Cape of Good Hope and equinoctial America. With a low trunk which 
rarely exceeds the height of a few inches, they have the fronds and appearance of pigmy palms, and the 
inflorescence of gigantic Equisetums. The trunk of Cycas contains a great quantity of fascula, which is 
manufactured into a kind of spurious sago ; and a similar substance, it has lately been ascertained, may be 
obtained from the stem of Cycas. {Gard. Mag., vol. iv.) 
2107 Cycas W. 2108 Zimia W. 
Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
The physiological peculiarities of this class of plants have been already explained in the general remarks 
which precede this arrangement of natural orders. To what is there stated, little remains to be added, except 
that in these northern regions, every thing included in it is herbaceous, and that in hotter latitudes, few 
deserve the name of either bush or tree, except the palms, and a few Aroideae and Asphodelese. 
Section I. STAMENS EPIGYNOUS. 
Order CXLIX. HYDROCHARIDE^. 
Floating white-flowered plants, of which Stratiotes is the most majestic. They possess no known properties, 
but have the singular character in Monocotyledones of being in some cases lactescent. The species are natives 
of various parts of the world. 
308 Trapa W. 859 Damasonium W. 2089 Hydrocharis W. 2096 Stratiotes TV. 
Order CL. ORCHIDE^. 
Of all tribes of plants, this is the most singular, the most fragrant, and the most difficult of culture. The 
flowers are often remarkable for their grotesque configuration, which has been likened to heads and bodies of 
animals, and for the strange character of their stems, which are sometimes attenuated into a degree of grace- 
fulness scarcely equalled even among grasses, and sometimes contracted into a clumsy goutiness of figure 
such as is known no where else. The species are found inhabiting the mountains and meadows of the cooler 
parts of the globe, or adhering by their tortuous roots to the branches of the loftiest trees of the tropical 
forest, to which their blossoms often lend a beauty not their own. Vulgarly, this last description of plants is 
called parasitic ; they are, however, not so, deriving no support from the juices of the plants on which they 
grow ; but on the contrary, are epiphytes, merely adhering to other plants for support, and vegetating amidst 
the rich black soil which collects at the foot of all trees growing in a hot humid climate. It is very singular 
that the pollen of these plants has no parallel, except among the very different and distinct order of 
Asclepiadeee. The only medical properties of the order exist in the roots of some of the O'rchises, from 
which the nutritious substance called salop is prepared. The Vanilla of the shops is the pod of the genus 
called Vanilla. From the boiled stems of some of the Brazilian species a tenacious glue is obtained, which 
is employed in many useful purposes. 
Tribe 1. Neottie^. Lindl. 
1870 Goody^ra R. Br. 1872 Ponthi^va R. Br. 1876 Listera R. Br. 1875 Stenorh^nchus Rich. 
1871 Diiiris Sw. 1873 Ne6ttia L. 1874 Spiranthes Rich. 
Tribe 2. Arethuseje. Lindl. 
1877 Arethtjsa L. 1879 Pog6nia R. Br. 1880 Epipictis-Sw. 
1878 Calop6gon R. Br. 1881 Caleana R. Br. 1882 Corallorrhiza Haller. 
Tribe 3. Gastrodie^. R. Br. 
1926 Prcscotia Lindl. 1930 Vanilla Sw. 
