1090 NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
Tribe 2. Typhine^. 
1945 TS?pha W. 1946 Sparginium W. 
Tribe 3. PisxiACEis. 
1939 L^mna TV. 
Tribe 4. Juncagine^. 
109 Leptanthus Mich. 840 Scheuchzeria W. 841 Triglochin W. 
854 Aponog^ton W. 317 Potamogeton W. 
Order CLXXVII. FLUVIALES. 
With these the Vasculares and Monocotyledones terminate : it has long been apparent that we have been 
descending in the scale of vegetation j and hence, the last order exhibited a structure the most simple of 
all vascular plants. In the present order, Zostera and Ruppia are so closely allied to Algas, that they may 
be mistaken for them. 
21 Zostera L. S18 Ruppia W. 
11. CELLULARES. 
The characteristics of this division have already been explained in the preliminary observations upon the 
natural orders ; and the remarks which were required for each natural order of Cellulares have already been 
given in Cryptogamia in the body of the work. It has, therefore, been thought advisable to adopt from Pro- 
fessor Agardh such observations as he has made upon the orders, as a sort of contrast to those already given. 
Class 1. FOLIAGES. 
Order I. FILICES. 
Of these the stem is perennial, often subterraneous and creeping, and occasionally becoming arborescent 
and leafy above the ground. The fronds or leaves are usually pinnatifid, and more or less compound ; some- 
times nearly simple and entire, vvith reticulated veins. The capsules are minute, one-celled, seldom many- 
celled, brown, membranous, and surrounded by a thick articulated elastic ring, irregularly bursting, and either 
clustered on the lower surface of the frond, or compound in spikes. Their vernation is circinate, and some 
are propagated by bulbs. The old botanists denied any fruit whatever to Ferns ; believing the seeds of these 
plants to be so rare as to invest any body with invisibility who could collect them. Afterwards, their capsules 
were believed to be their seeds. Linnasus, and some others, doubted whether their fructification were seeds or 
pollen. Finally, the experiments of Ehrhart and Lindsay proved, beyond all cavil, that they were really seeds. 
As to the male organs nothing is known ; some suppose them to be glands of the frond, others the clastic ring, 
some the indusium, and others the pores of the epidermis ; lastly, Martins has supposed thejn to be the mem- 
brane including the spiral vessels. Ferns are chiefly inhabitants of the torrid zone, becoming rarer as we 
approach the poles. They delight in a humid soil, and they often grow parasitically upon trees. The inedi- 
cuial virtues of some are highly astringent, of others anthelmintic, of others purgative ; some have acquired 
celebrity for their pectoral, others for their corroborant qualities. The young leaves and roots of some 
constitute an article of food ; beer obtained from the roots of others, and, finally, Aspidium fragrans has 
been used as tea. 
Tribe 1. Polypodiace^. 
2168 Polybotrya H. % B. 
2169 Acr6stichum L. 
2170 Hemionitis L. 
2171 Gymnogramma Df-sy. 
2172 Meniscium Schreb. 
QllS Xiphopteris Kaulf. 
2174 C^terach TV. 
2175 Polypodium L. 
2176 Tas'nitis Swz. 
2177 Nothochl.-e'na R. Br. 
2178 Onocl^a L. 
2179 Struthiopteris W. 
2180 Allosorus Benih. 
2181 Ellobocari)us Kauff. 
2182 Lomaria W. 
2183 Blechnum L. 
2184 Woodwardia Sm. 
2185 Doodia B. Br. 
218fi Aspl^nium L. 
2187 AUantodia B. Br. 
2188 Scolopendrium Sm. 
2189 Diplazium Swz. 
2190 Pteris L. 
2191 Vittaria Sm. 
2192 Lonchitis L. 
2193 Antrophvum Kaulf. 
2194 Adiantum IF. 
2195 Cheilanthes Swz. 
2196 Davallia Stn. 
2197 Dicksonia L'Her. 
2198 Balantium Kaulf 
2199 Aspidium Swz. 
2'200 W'o(')dsia B. Br. 
2901 Cyath^a Sm. 
2202 Trich6manes L. 
2203 Hymenophyllum Sm. 
Tribe 2. OsMUNDACEyE. 
2204 T6dea W. 2205 Osmunda L. 2206 Lygodium Swz. 2207 Anemia Swz. 
Tribe 3. OPHiocLossEiE. 
2208 Botrychium Swz. 2209 Ophiogl6ssum L. 2210 Marattia Swz. 
Order II. EQUISETACE^. 
" Marsh plants, with a verticillate arrangement of their branches, and a highly indurated epidermis. Their 
jeeds are remarkable for a hygrometrical movement. The quality of some is said to be hurtful to cattle, 
which is denied by others. Formerly they were used in medicine as astringents and diuretics. Equisetum 
hyemale has been employed for tea, and as a polishing material for furniture, under the name of Dutch 
rushes. „ 
2211 Equisetum L. 
Order III. LYCOPODINEiE. 
' With the habits of mosses they have the seeds of ferns. They are herbaceous prostrate plants, with imbri- 
cated simple leaves. Lycop(5dium complanatum, Selago, and clavatum as used as dyes ; the sporules of Lyco- 
p6dium clavatum are said to be employed for ameliorating wine, and are also used in making fire-works, on 
account of their inflammable nature. The herb of Lycop6dium clavatum and Selago is emetic, amd produces 
abortion. Lycopodium phlegmaria is reputed an aphrodisiac. 
2212 Lycop6dium L. 2213 Psil6tum Sivz. 
Ordf.r IV. MARSILEACE^. 
Floating or erect simple-leaved plants of no known use. The Marsileas, which are to some countries what 
Lemna is to this, are not known in cultivation. 
2214 Lsodtes L. 2215 Pilularia //. 
