NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. 
1091 
Class II. APHYLL^ 
Order V. MUSCI. 
Winter plants, reviving in humid air, abundant about the poles, rare at the equator. They cover the moun- 
tains of the earth as high as the limits of perpetual snow ; growing in patches, they clothe the most barren 
spots with verdure, preserve trees from heat and cold, prepare the earth for nourishing more perfect plants, 
and fill up bogs and morasses with vegetable matter. To the economy of nature they are, therefore, more 
subservient than to the purposes of man. Medicinal astringent properties were formerly ascribed to some few, 
but they are now neglected or forgotten. 
Tribe h EvaginulatI. 
2216 Sphagnum L. 
2217 Phascum L. 
2218 Schistostega Mol/r. 
2219 Gymuustomum Hediv. 
22'iO Hvmenostomumii.^r. 
2221 Tetraphis Hediv. 
22^22 Encalypta Hedw. 
2223 Grimmia Hedw. 
2224 Weissia Hedw. 
2225 Dicranum Hedw. 
Tribe 2. Vaginulati Olocarpi. 
2226 Trichustomum Hedw. 2255 Diphyscium Mohr. 
2227 Cinclidotus P. de B. 223(5 Buxbaumia L. 
2228 Tortula Ehr. 
2229 Pterogonium Swz. 
2230 Didymodon Hedw. 
2231 Splachnum L. 
2232 Conostomum 5iux. 
2233 Orthotrichum Hedw. 
2234 Zygodon Hook. 
2237 Funaria Hedw. 
2238 Bartramia Hedw. 
2239 Pohlia Hedw. 
2240 Bryum Hedw. 
2241 Polytrichum L. 
2242 Anictangium Hedw. 
2243 Fissidens Hedw. 
2244 Leu cod on SclmcBgr. 
22W Fontinalis L. 
224ti Anomodon Hook. 
2247 Neckera Hedw. 
2248 Daltonia Hook. 
2249 Hookeria Sin 
2250 Leskea EIu: 
2251 Hypnum L. 
Tribe 3. Vaginulati Schistocarpl 
2252 AndrEE^a Hedw. 
Order VI. HEPATICiE. 
Creeping small plants, with their leaves arranged in an imbricated manner. They differ from Lichens in 
structure, color, and fruit ; from Musci, in the dehiscence of their capsule. Their qualities are mild, if any ; 
some of them are fragrant. 
2253 Jungermannia L. 2255 Riccia E. B. 2257 Targionia E. B. 
2254 Marchantia Mich. 2256 Anth6ceros E. B. 2258 Spha;rocarpus E. B. 
Order VIL 
Plants ascending from the simplest form known in vegetation to a very compound state. The lowest are 
filiform, leafless, with their fructification immersed ; the highest ai'e leafy, with the fructification included in 
an indehiscent wart-like pericarpium. Some copulate like animals, others have a spontaneous motion like 
worms. Their color is lively, in the lowest grades green, in the highest red or purple. Some are ephemeral 
and microscopical, annual or perennial, and others extend to the length of many fathoms. They grow at the 
bottom of the sea, or in fresh water, the depths of which they clothe with vegetation, as the higher orders of 
plants cover the earth with forests. They grow on stems in the water only, or on each other. Some exhale 
oxygen, others are scented like violets. Their taste is mild ; their substance gelatinous, membranous, or 
coriaceous, usually covered externally with mucus. The structure of the lowest is articulated ; of the highest 
fibrous. 
Tribe 1. DiatomejE. 
2259 Achnanthes Ag. 2261 Fragillaria Ag. 2263 Desmidium Ag. 
2260 Diatoma Ag. 2262 Meloseira Ag. 2264 Schizon^ma Ag. 
2265 Palmdlla Ag. 
2266 Echinella Ag. 
2273 Byssocladium Ag. 
2274 Mycinema Ag. 
2275 Chroolepus Ag. 
2276 Trentepohlia Ag 
2277 Scytonema Ag. 
2278 Stigonema Ag. 
2279 Proton^ma Ag. 
2280 Hygrocrocis Ag. 
Tribe 2. NosTOcniNji 
2267 Alcyonidium Ag. 2269 Corynephora Ag. 
2268 N6stoc Ag. 2270 Rivularia Ag 
Tribe 3. 
2281 Leptom'itus Ag. 
2282 Mesogloia Ag. 
2283 Batrachospermum 
2284 Draparnaldia Ag. 
2285 Oscillat6ria Ag. 
2286 Calothrix Ag. 
2m Lyngbya Ag. 
2288 Bangia Ag. 
CONFERVOlDEiE. 
2289 Zygnema Ag. 
Ag. 
2290 Mougeotiayf^. 
2291 Hydrodictyon Ag. 
2292 Conferva Ag. 
2293 Bulbochffi'ta./4e-. 
2294 Nitella Ag. 
2295 Chara L. 
2296 Ceramium Ag. 
2271 Ch£Et6phora Ag. 
2272 Scythymenia Ag. 
2297 GrifFithsia Ag. 
2298 Chaetospora Ag. 
2299 Polvsiphonia Grev. 
2300 Kytiphlae'a Ag. 
2301 Ectocarpus Ag. 
2302 Sphacellaria Ag. 
2303 Cladostephus Ag. 
Tribe 4. UlvacejE. 
2304 Vauch^ria Ag. 
■2305 Codium Ag. 
2306 Bryopsis Ag. 
2301 Solenia Ag. 
2308 U'lva L. 
2309 Porohyra Af 
Tribe 5. FloridEjE. 
2310 Polyides Ag. 
2311 Ptilota Ag. 
2318 Lem&nea Ag. 
2319 Chordaria Ag 
2320 Scytosiphon Ag. 
2312 Rhodomela Ag. 
2313 Chondria Ag. 
Tribe 6. 
2321 Spor6chnus Ag. 
2322 Hal'iseris Ag. 
2323 Encoe'lium Ag. 
2314 Sph£eroc6ccus Ag. 
2315 Halymenia Ag. 
FVCOWEJE. 
2324 Zonaria Ag. 
2325 LaminAria Ag. 
2326 Lichina Ag. 
2316 Bonnemaisonia Ag. 
2317 Deless^ria Ag. 
2327 Furcellaria Ag. 
2328 Fucus L. 
2329 Cystoseira Ag. 
Order VIII. LICHENS. 
Lichens are not only most useful in the CEconomy of Nature, as preparing the surface of the earth for the 
reception of larger vegetables, but they are, moreover, of great utility to man Many, as Cetraria islandica, 
are eatable, having a bitter principle, and giving out a styptic tincture, if immersed in alcohol. Others, 
steeped in urine or salts, are used for dying ; crustaceous species of this kind are Variolaria oreina, Lecan6ra 
tartarea, Lepraria chlorina, &c. ; foliaceous species, Parni^lia saxatilis, Sticta pulmonacea, Solorina cr6cea, 
Gyrophora deusta and pustulata, &c. ; and branched kinds, Roccella tinctoria (the common Orchal), U'snea 
plicata, Alectoria jubata, and others. In medicine, Cetraria islandica and nivalis, Sticta pulmonacea, Alectoria 
usneoides are tonic and nutritive ; Parmelia parietina, Borrera purpuracea, Evernia prunastri, &c., are astrin- 
gent and febrifugal; Feltid^a aphth6sa, anthelmintic; Evernia vulpina, poisonous. Some yield a gum, as 
Evernia prunastri ; Sticta pulmonacea may be employed for bittering beer instead of hops, and Ramalina 
4 A 2 
