BIOLOGY, (ii, F, V — viii. Ill, A, i.) Echin. 39 
Eec. 1899, (337 & 338) Zool. Rec. 1900 ; Vernon (276) p. 105, 168, 
190, 217, 229, 296. — Vitality of the ovum, reaction to external stimuli, 
summary of recent work ; Loisel (160). — Susceptibility to heat and 
cold of Arhacia sperm-ovum and production of carbon dioxide, vary 
in rhythms ; Lyon (171). — Ovulase, i.e. extract of spermatozoa of 
Stro7igylocentrotus lividus and Echinus esculentus, action on ova ; 
Fieri (218). — Poison-effect of alcohols on Fsammechinus ova ; Fuehner 
(89). — Influence of alcohols of differing strengths on Psammechitius and 
Strongylocentrotus development ; Fuehner (90). — Action of potassium 
cyanide on Ech. ovum ; Jackson (131). — Antagonistic poisons and 
development of Ech. and Ast. embryos ; Sollmann (259).— Effect of 
anisotonic solutions and saponin on ova of Asterias and Arbacia ; 
Sollmann (260). — Influence of alkaline and acid sea- water on fertiliza- 
tion of Ech. ova ; Loeb (159). — Immunity of Ech. sperm-ova to ether, 
H CI, K CI, and Na CI increases up to segmentation ; Spaulding 
(263). — Solutions in which Ech. ova can develop ; Loeb (157). — Role 
of Chlorine, OH, Natrium, Kalium, Calcium, SO4, Carbonate, and 
Magnesium in developing larvae Ech. and Ast. ; Herbst (117). 
Hybridization : — Strong i^locentrotus pu7'puratus 9 X Asterias capi- 
tata ^ A. ochracea ^ , Pycnopodia spuria $ , Asterina ^ , and an Ophiu- 
rid^ ^ in normal, alkaline, and acid sea-water, development of hybrids ; 
Loeb (155, 158, 159) : Note on the preceding; Abric (1). — Strongy- 
locentrotus $ X Sphaerechinus ^ and vice versa; Viguier (277). — 
BovERi (31) maintains the observations and conclusions of his paper 
(23) Zool. Rec. 1903 against the criticism of Driesch (69) Zool. Rec. 
1903. 
Artificial Parthenogenesis : — Critical summary of recent work ; 
BoHN (29) : reply ; Viguier (278). — General discussion of results on 
Ech. ovum ; Kostanecki (145) p. 86 : ditto from standpoint of 
chemical physiology ; Fuerth (91) p. 602. — Strongylocentrotus., and 
Psammechinus, relation of chromosomes ; Petrunkewitsch (217). — 
Induced by drying ova, in Asterias 7'ube7is ; Giard (100), — carbonic 
acid after shaking, ova of Strongylocentrotus ; Delage (53). — Carbonic 
acid larvae of Asterias reared ; Delage (52). — Induced in Arbacia ova. 
by concentration of sea-water, description of mitosis and following; 
stages ; Hunter (128). — Vitelline membrane produced on unfertilised 
ova of Echi7ius and Stro7igylocent7'otus by traces of silver salts and 
followed by incomplete segmentation ; Herbst (119). — Difference- 
between Ast. and Ech., membrane formation and cytolysis in Ech..^ 
nature of stimulus ; Loeb (156). — Merogouy, experiments on Arbacia 
pustulosa and Sphaerechinus granula7^is \ Ariola (13). — Asterias; 
Garbowski (93). — Total failure of all experiments at Naples, Jan.- 
June 1903 ; Janssens (136) p. 250. 
III. DISTRIBUTION*. 
A. GEOGRAPHICAL. 
i. General : — Distrib. of Ech. in general, its methods, ocean transport ; 
Agassiz (3) p. 219. — Distrib. of larvae as bearing on distrib. of 
adults ; Gardiner (96). — The bathy metric and geographic distrib. 
of each genus is given by Delage (54). — Distrib. of brood- 
protecting Echinoderms ; Ludwig (164). — Distrib. of genera of Ech. 
continued from 1903; Mbissner in Hamann (112).— Abundance of 
Grin, individuals in northern seas contrasted with paucity of genera 
and spp., vice versa in southern seas ; Grieg (107). 
* For the species found, refer to generic names under IV. 
1904. [Vol. xll] e 26 
