34 
ANTHROPOLOGY: A. HRDLICKA 
learned later, some of the caves and nearby tumuli have been previously 
explored in part by M. Jelenief of Krasnoyarsk, who discovered in them 
remains pointing in particular to the Neolithic period. As the whole 
region west of the Yenisei in this latitude is very rich in mounds and 
other remains of old populations, some of which are known to date back 
to the Neolithic period, it seemed most desirable to subject the Birusa 
caves, as far as possible, to scientific exploration, and the work was in- 
trusted to Professor Stolyhwo, who the year before explored the mounds 
in Ukraina. The work was carried out during the latter part of the sum- 
mer of 1913, but was greatly interfered with by adverse weather and 
other unfavorable conditions. Nevertheless, excavations were com- 
pleted in three of the caves, four rock shelters and one mound. The 
results were more encouraging than conclusive. With the exception of 
few teeth, no skeletal remains of man were discovered; but the caves 
and shelters yielded numerous traces and examples of bone and stone 
industry. A detailed account of this exploration also is being prepared 
for publication by Professor Stolyhwo. Careful and extended explora- 
tion of the region is most desirable. The many remaining caves about 
the Birusa and the thousands of mounds over the steppes to the west- 
ward, only a few of which have as yet been touched, invite urgently 
the hand of the archeologist. 
STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD AMONG PRIMITIVE PEOPLES 
The Negrito. — In 1912, after receiving due instructions. Dr. Philip 
Newton of Washington, D. C, was sent to the PhiHppine Islands to 
study the child among the Negrito. His stay in the Philippine Islands 
extended over 103 days, of which however only 65 could be spent in ac- 
tual field work, the remainder being taken up by travel, storms and by 
illness incurred in the unhealthy environments. During the trip more 
than 1000 Negritos were seen, of whom 400 were measured and ob- 
served. These included 348 full bloods andaHttle over 50 mixed bloods. 
The mixed bloods represented mostly the Bataks of the Island of Pala- 
wan; the full bloods were in the main from Luzon. Among the pure 
bloods examined, there were 75 children. The rather small proportion 
of children to adults was due to the fact that many adults came for the 
examination for some distance, without bringing with them their fami- 
lies, and partly to the fact that the number of children per family among 
the wild Negrito is exceptionally small. 
Photography and particularly cast making met with serious difficulties, 
due to the tropical climate and great moisture. About 300 photo- 
graphs were nevertheless taken, 70 of which, however, were ruined when 
