ANTHROPOLOGY: A. L. KROEBER 
43 
Southwest: first, because the restricted area excludes differences due to 
var3dng environments, and thus renders any observable distinctions di- 
rectly in terpre table in terms of time : second, because of numerous links 
between the historic and prehistoric periods. Several of the ruins were 
inhabited in Spanish times. They still bear native names that tally 
with those mentioned in sixteenth and seventeenth century records and 
some contain ruins of abandoned Catholic churches. 
The tempting opportunity -thus offered must of course be followed 
with the spade for ultimate results. I was in Zuni during the summer 
of 1915. Pressure of ethnological work forbade digging; but some three 
thousand potsherds were gathered from the surface of about fifteen once 
inhabited sites within a few miles' radius of the pueblo. These were 
supplemented by a thousand fragments from the streets and roofs of 
Zuni itself. 
It was obvious that the pottery was of two well marked types, and 
that the surface of any one ruin yielded only such ware as plainly be- 
longed to one or the other of the two classes. One set of sites is httered 
with sherds of which at least half are dull black or dark gray. The 
other half are as frequently red as white. Three-colored pieces — black 
and red on a white ground — are found. Corrugated ware is uncom- 
mon and about evenly distributed between dark and light. 
On the second set of sites, black and red ware are both rare, white or 
whitish pieces constituting more than nine-tenths of the total. Three- 
color pottery has not been found. Corrugated sherds are common, 
but almost always of the Hght variety. 
The first group of sites includes those which are mentioned as inhabited 
villages in the seventeenth century. Their sherds occur in nearly the 
same proportion as in modern Zuni. These ruins therefore fall in part 
into the historic period. The second group of sites is wholly prehistoric. 
Their ware resembles that familiar as Cliff Dwellers' pottery. The two 
wares have been designated as type A, the later, and type B, the earlier. 
The conditions of the ruins accords with this arrangement in time. 
Type A ruins normally include standing walls, and loose rock abounds. 
All type B sites are low or flat, without walls or rock, and show only 
pebbles in the surface soil. It seems more likely that this condition is 
due to the decay of age, or to the carrying away of the broken rock to 
serve as material in the nearby constructions of later ages, than to any 
habit of the period B people to build in clay instead of masonry. The 
latter possibiHty can be seriously entertained only if excavation reveals 
no building stone whatever in type B ruins. 
Chips of obsidian are usually observable on period A sites, but have 
not been found on those of period B. 
