GENETICS: R. GOLDSCHMIDT 
55 
show in different organs their female origin and have rudimentary ova- 
ries. They lead to practically male-like animals, called 'female-males' 
in my former paper, containing gonads which exhibit all transitional 
stages from an ovary to a testis. The end of the series is formed by 
males, which show in some minor characters, such as the shape of wings, 
still some traces of their female origin. 
The series of the male intersexes starts with males showing a few white 
female spots on their wings. These become larger and larger, the 
amount of brown pigment correspondingly decreasing, j&nally (in ex- 
treme specimens) leaving only a few granules along the veins. Hand 
in hand with this the abdomen increases in size, reaching in the most 
extreme case two-thirds of the female size (without containing eggs!). 
The same is true for the instincts, which become more and more female. 
Further, the copulatory organs, which show in the female intersexes 
also a complete series of gradations from femaleness to maleness, and 
finally in the testis, which shows the first steps of transformation into 
an ovary. 
There is another new point to be mentioned in this connection, as the 
fact that it was unknown is probably responsible for some errors in my 
former papers. It has been noticed that there are Japanese races, 
which contain a wing-pigmentation factor in the female sex; and the 
effect produced can be increased in certain crosses. In this way females 
with pigmented wings may arise, which may be mistaken for intersexes, 
and if this phenomenon occurs together with slight intersexualism, low 
grade intersexes may be mistaken for high grade ones. The further in- 
vestigation of this will be of importance. 
Going over now to the breeding results, we shall describe first only 
those relating to the female intersexes. It was found that there are 
in the European as well as in the Japanese forms, definite races possess- 
ing a special potency of the male sex-factors. If we cross forms of like 
or similar potency, the offspring is normal. But if we cross races with 
different potency of the male factors we get in Fi female intersexes, pro- 
vided the mother belongs to the race of lower potency. The degree of 
intersexuality depends of course upon the difference of the potencies. 
The European races so far known to me all show low potency; and in 
the Japanese races all grades are found from the lowest to the highest 
potency of those factors. If now any European race is crossed in any 
direction with one of the 'weak' Japanese races (the races K, Fu, M, H 
of my records) only normal females appear in the offspring. The same 
naturally holds true for crosses of any of these forms inter se. But all 
European females and also the females of the weak Japanese races, 
