56 
GENETICS: R. GOLDSCHMIDT 
crossed with males of the ^strong' Japanese races (i.e., G, O, A) ought to 
yield female intersexes, the grade of intersexuality depending upon both 
races involved in the cross. In detail the main results are the follow- 
ing; the Fi males being left out of account: 
1. All possible Fi combinations between the weak Europeans S and F and 
the weak Japanese K, Fu, M, H contain only normal females. 
2. Males of the moderately strong Japanese race G crossed with the very 
weak European females F produce nothing but high grade female intersexes 
ranging almost up to the above quoted 'female-males.' The same males pro- 
duce, if crossed with the somewhat less weak European race S, nothing but 
medium female intersexes. The same males again crossed with the still less 
weak Japanese race H give in Fi low grade female intersexes; and finally from 
the cross between these males and the highest of the weak Japanese races, K, 
we get only slight female intersexualism. There is to be added that the in- 
tersexuality affects every single individual that is genetically (one X-chromo- 
some) a female. 
3. Another of the Japanese races, which has a higher potency than G, pro- 
duces in similar crosses with the weak European races the highest grade of 
female intersexuality, the so-called 'female-males.' 
4. If the males used in the crosses belong to the strongest known Japanese 
races A and O (there is only a slight difference between these two which may 
be neglected here) and the females to the weak European races F and S, or 
the Japanese race H, all individuals genetically being females become trans- 
formed entirely into males. It may be added here that all results are based 
on fair numbers. For instance for this cross there are about 14 cultures with 
over 1000 individuals. In many cu^ltures mortality is exactly recorded. 
5. The following is to be regarded as an experimentum crucis for the cor- 
rectness of the explanation given above: The Japanese race K proved to 
have a low potency of the male sex-factors, as crosses with European females 
produced normal offspring. Furthermore the same race K proved to be 
somewhat higher in potency than the European races by producing only the 
slightest degree of intersexuality in crosses with other males of the medium 
strong race G, whereas the European races gave in the corresponding cross 
with G-males up to high-grade intersexes. These same Europeans produce 
in the crosses with the strong races A and O nothing but males. Here we 
have an equation from which we should expect that in a cross between fe- 
males from the races K and males A or O medium to high-grade intersexes will 
be produced. This is the actual result. 
6. To these results may be added the following details: 
a. The results are typical and, so far, without exception. They seem to ' 
be independent of external conditions as the same results were obtained iden- 
tically (besides my former experiments carried on in Munich) in my cultures 
at the Bussey Institution, in Boston^ and those of my assistant Mr. Seiler 
in Berlin. 
