642 
CHEMISTRY: HARKINS, HALL, AND ROBERTS 
faction. By holding it, teeth uppermost, with his feet and rubbing a 
nail or spike over the teeth rapidly, he succeeded in producing a noise 
which apparently delighted him. Skirrl, although pronounced feeble- 
minded on the basis of various studies of problem-solving ability and 
reactive tentencies, proved himself to be a mechanical genius. 
The general conclusions which may be deduced from this limited ex- 
perimental study of two monkeys and an orang utan are that the ape 
exhibits various forms of ideational behavior, whereas the reactive 
tendencies of monkeys are inferior in type and involve less adequate 
adaptation to factors remote in space or time. I suspect, from data 
now available, that both monkeys and apes experience ideas, and I 
believe that it will shortly be possible to offer convincing evidence of 
the functioning of representative processes in their behavior. 
The original account of the results which have been summarized in 
this communication presents also a plan for a research station to be 
devoted to the study of the primates. It is pointed out that without 
scientific conscience we have permitted race after race of primitive man 
to disappear, unstudied by psychologist, sociologist, or anthropologist, 
or at best inadequately studied. The pertinent question of the com- 
parative psychologist is ''Are we also to permit the gorilla, chimpanzee, 
orang utan, and gibbon to disappear before we make them yield their 
incalculably valuable contribution to human enlightenment, welfare, 
and the general progress of science?'^ 
^ A new method of studying ideational and allied forms of behavior in man and other 
animals, these Proceedings, 2, 631, (1916). 
2 In the apparatus used for these observations, the boxes were placed in a straight line 
instead of on the arc of a circle. Consequently, the distance from the starting point in- 
creased from the center of the series toward the ends. 
THE OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND LOWERING OF THE FREEZ- 
ING-POINT OF MIXTURES OF SALTS WITH ONE ANOTHER 
AND WITH NON-ELECTROLYTES IN AQUEOUS 
SOLUTIONS 
By Wiliiam D. Harkins, R. E. Hall, and W. A. Roberts 
KENT CHEMICAL LABO^^ATORY. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 
Received by the Academy, August 26. 1916 
In the work of this laboratory upon the abnormalities in behavior of 
salts in aqueous solutions with respect to their ionization, it seemed 
desirable to determine the effect of mixing salts with commion ions. 
Since in this laboratory we have a potentiometer system which gives 
