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CHEMISTRY: WASHBURN AND MILLARD 
groupings may produce the greater hydrolytic and highly specific actions 
observed with the natural lipases. That the simple linking together of 
animoacids in peptide-union is not sufficient to account for the actions 
is shown by the fact that peptides exert, if anything, a smaller hydro- 
lytic action than the simple aminoacids. 
Conclusion as to the Specific Character of Lipolytic Action. From the 
investigations briefly summarized in this paper it appears that the spe- 
cific character of the hydrolytic actions produced by lipases is mainly 
due to two effects ; first, the effect of the substrate on the enzyme in caus- 
ing its coagulation or precipitation, and second, the effect of the enzyme 
on the substrate arising from the presence in the former of special group- 
ings which may be similar to those contained in simpler nitrogenous sub- 
stances which also bring about the hydrolysis of esters. 
THE HYDRATION OF THE IONS OF CESIUM CHLORIDE DE- 
RIVED FROM TRANSFERENCE EXPERIMENTS 
IN THE PRESENCE OF RAFFINOSE 
By Edward W. Washburn and Earl B. Millard 
LABORATORY OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. UNIVERSITY OF ILUNOIS 
Presented to the Academy, January 18, 1915 
The hydration of ions has attracted the attention of chemists for a 
number of years, and a large amount of evidence has been accumulated 
to show that ions are hydrated to a greater or less extent. One of the 
strongest pieces of evidence in favor of this view has been obtained by 
transference experiments in the presence of a non-electrolyte. If at the 
end of such an experiment the ratio of water to non-electrolyte has 
changed in the solutions around the electrodes, either the ions have car- 
ried water from one electrode-portion into the other, or they have car- 
ried the non-electrolyte in the opposite direction. 
In a previous investigation by E. W. Washburn^ the relative ionic 
hydrations of the chlorides of lithium, sodium, and potassium in 1.2 
molal aqueous solution at 25° were derived by means of transference 
experiments in the presence of a suitable non-electrolyte as a reference 
substance. The object of the present investigation was to extend these 
data so as to include cesium chloride, which seemed desirable since there 
was much reason to believe that the cesium ion is the least hydrated of 
all the alkali ions. 
The method employed consisted essentially in passing at 25° a meas- 
ured quantity of electricity through a solution of cesium chloride con- 
