ANTHROPOLOGY: A. HRDLICKA 
235 
their purpose the stimulation, among the people taking part, of a com- 
mon recognition, as of the gift of food, the value of tribal imity, of peace 
within or without the tribe. Many of the songs belonging to this class 
of ceremonies, although led by those who officiate in the rites, are sung 
by all present, men, women, and even children joining in these songs. 
The singing is always in unison, the personal emotion of each singer 
adds to the psychic force bred of a social accord, as all the people in one 
voice sing their thanks to the Unseen Giver of Life. 
On a similar but lower plane are the songs belonging to vocations, 
by these not only are the hands strengthened for their task, but the 
unison singing of the song helps to development of social consciousness. 
From what has been stated above it will be apparent that a wide 
field is opened by the study of Indian music not only concerning the 
beginnings of 'culture music' but in revealing the psychic influence of 
song upon the individual and upon his social development. 
SOME RECENT ANTHROPOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS 
By Ales HrdliJka 
DIVISION OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. WASHINGTON 
Presented to the Academy. March 2. 1915 
In 1912 an arrangement was entered into by the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution and the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego, by which 
it became possible to send out jointly a number of anthropological ex- 
peditions for the purpose of furnishing the Exposition with original 
material for its exhibits, and of serving the Smithsonian Institution and 
the science of anthropology by advancing knowledge in directions in 
which progress was especially desirable. 
The objects particularly aimed at in the latter respect were the pro- 
motion of research into man's antiquity; the survey of certain parts of 
northern and eastern Asia in quest of possible traces of racial connection 
with America; and the accumulation of rehable data on child develop- 
ment in certain primitive races under widely differing environments. 
Owing to illness in the personnel of the expeditions, to the European 
war, and other untoward circumstances, only a part of these plans 
could be fully carried out; but the results are of sufficient importance 
to encourage further activity in the directions named. 
The several expeditions and their results, briefly outlined, were as 
follows : 
Ancient Man in Europe and Asia. Field work was done by J. Ma- 
tiegka, head of the Anthropological Bureau of the Bohemian University 
