236 
ANTHROPOLOGY: A. HRDLICKA 
at Prague, on the subject of neolithic and later prehistoric man in central 
Europe. Other explorations were carried on by K. Stolyhwo, head of the 
Anthropological Institute of Warsaw in relation to : (a) ancient man of 
southwestern Russia; {h) ancient man of the Yenesei Valley, Siberia. 
And a journey was made by me for the purpose of making a survey of 
the various well authenticated ancient skeletal remains of man in the 
Museums of Europe and of the sites of their discovery. 
The direct results of these expeditions were the acquisition of a series 
of valuable specimens, including a trephined and mineraHzed neolithic 
skull in excellent state of preservation, and of valuable data which in 
part have already been published^ and in part are in preparation for 
publication. 
The kourgans or burial mounds in northeastern Russia were found to 
range in age from the neolithic to the Scythic periods. They yielded 
some exceedingly interesting skeletal material of man as well as that of 
various animals, some of which are now extinct in these regions. The 
Yenisei caves, regrettably, gave few skeletal remains, though such could 
doubtless be obtained by further exploration; but they yielded objects 
of neolithic culture, which may be of value in future archeological com- 
parisons with the more eastern portions of Asia and possibly even with 
America. The examination of the ancient skeletal finds in Europe 
showed, besides a series of more or less doubtful specimens, a wealth 
of thoroughly authenticated material relating to man's descent, and 
substantiating his gradual evolution, during the Quarternary, from 
lower primate forms. 
Search in Asia for Traces of the Race that Peopled America. Besides 
the explorations in the Yenisei caves, above mentioned, two trips were 
made to northeastern Asia. The first of these, made by me, extended 
to the upper Yenisei and Selenga river territories and to outer Mon- 
golia, while the second, by St. Poniatowski, head of the recently estab- 
lished Ethnological Institute at Warsaw, penetrated to the living tribes 
in the Primorskaia Oblast, Siberia. The results of these expeditions 
comprise anthropological data, a valuable series of photographs, and a 
collection of rare skeletal material. The evidence indicates that there 
still exist throughout extensive areas of northern and eastern Asia rem- 
nants of former prehistoric (rather than ^paleoasiatic') peoples closely 
resembling the American Indian in type, mentaHty and other important 
particulars. In southern Siberia, Mongolia, and the regions to the 
eastward, there are also extensive archeological remains in the forms of 
mounds and occupation sites, ranging in chronology from neoHthic to 
historic times. The exploration of these has as yet scarcely been com- 
