PHYSIOLOGY: BENEDICT AND MURSCHHAUSER 
599 
walking at moderate speed, without food, in table II. It will be seen 
from the latter table that the average value found in 110 periods with 
these two subjects was, in round numbers, 0.5 gram-calorie. 
The results obtained in experiments after a meal showed that the 
ingestion of food raised somewhat the resting metabolism but was 
without material effect upon the forward progression constant of 0.5 
gram-calorie per horizontal kilogrammeter. 
In the prolonged experiments without food, in one of which the 
subject walked 22 kilometers, successive periods showed very little, if 
any, change in the constant, thus suggesting the absence of a fatigue 
effect. Singularly enough the 22-kilometer experiment with food showed 
a distinctly lower constant than the comparable experiment without 
food on the preceding day. 
TABLE m 
METHOD OF 
PROGRESSION 
NO. OF 
PERIODS 
(a) 
AVERAGE 
DISTANCE 
PER MINUTE 
(b) 
AVERAGE 
RAISING 
OF BODY 
PER MINUTE 
(c) 
AVERAGE 
NUMBER OF 
STEPS 
PER MINUTE 
(d) 
LENGTH OF 
STEP 
100 a 
c 
(e) 
HEAT 
(computed) 
PER 
HORIZONTAL 
KILOGRAM- 
METER 
Without food 
meters 
meters 
cms. 
gm.-cals. 
Walking : 
57 
71.5 
2.94 
111 
64.4 
0.493 
Medium 
6 
106.3 
5.87 
131 
81.1 
0.585 
Fast 
7 
144.1 
7.75 
152 
94.8 
0.932 
15 
147.5 
13.75 
182 
81.0 
0.806 
The influence on the constant of an increase in the rapidity of walk- 
ing and particularly of the change in type of locomotion from walking 
to running is shown in table III. In calculating these values, the 
metabolism in the standing relaxed position was used for the basal 
metabolism. It will be seen that with increased velocity the height 
to which the body was raised, the number of steps, and the length of 
each step were all increased. The constant for the motion of forward 
progression was also increased in value, especially at the highest speed. 
A more profound effect on all the factors of locomotion is noted when 
the change was made from walking to running. With essentially the 
same speed for each method of progression, the height to which the 
body was raised in running was nearly double that in walking; the 
number of steps was increased 20% but the length was correspondingly 
decreased. Of most significance is the decided fall of 15% in the value 
of the constant, i.e., from 0.932 gram-calorie for rapid walking to 
0.806 gram-calorie for running. Since in running the body is lifted 
