Heidelberg Man 
2 5 
were almost of the same shape as the temporary front teeth of 
modern man. In all mammals sufficiently known the permanent 
teeth of the ancestral race agree more closely in pattern with the 
milk-teeth than with the permanent teeth of its descendants. 
Piltdown man is therefore a " man of the dawn," Eoanthropus, 
and is named dawsoni in honour of his discoverer. He doubtless 
represents a well-defined race, for fragments of a second skull 
with a characteristic lower molar tooth have been found in the 
gravel two miles distant from the original spot. He shows 
that man acquired his characteristic brain and skull before the 
ultimate reduction and refinement of his face ; that he did not 
completely lose his canine teeth as weapons until the development 
of the brain enabled him to substitute craft and implements for 
mere brute force in the struggle for life. 
The actual specimens of the skull and lower jaw are kept in 
the study-collection of the Museum, but exact copies of all the 
pieces are exhibited in Table-case 1. 
HEIDELBERG MAN (Homo heidelbergensis). 
Man with typically human teeth also lived in Europe so early 
as the beginning of the Pleistocene period, but he is know 7 n only 
by a single lower jaw found in 1907 in a sand-pit at Mauer, near 
Heidelberg. This specimen occurred in a river-deposit associated 
with numerous bones and teeth of horse, rhinoceros (Bhinoceros 
etruscus), elephant (Elephas antiquus), bear ( Ursus deningeri), and 
other mammals which can scarcely have survived later than the 
early part of the Pleistocene period. 
As shown by the plaster cast presented by the discoverer, the 
late Dr. Otto Schoetensack, the Heidelberg lower jaw is large and 
remarkably stout, with every essential feature of a modern human 
jaw except the bony prominence of the chin (figs. 6c, 7c, 8c, 9c). 
The absence of this prominence gives the chin a retreating shape 
approaching that of the ape ; but the large shallow pit, always 
conspicuous on the inner face of the bony chin in the ape, is here 
nearly filled with a deposit of bone which rises into the character- 
istically human "genial tubercles" (t.) for the origin of the small 
muscles which help to work the tongue. The great width of the 
hinder ascending part of the jaw and the shallowness of the 
notch in its. upper border are also ape-like peculiarities, though 
already known in some low races of both existing and fossil men. 
