6 
Gtride to the Fossil Remains of Man 
Tuscany, and various parts of the skeleton of Mesopithecus from 
the Lower Pliocene of Pikermi, near Athens, Greece, are exhibited. 
Macacus itself, which still survives on the rock of Gibraltar (the 
Barbary ape), seems to have had a wide range in Europe during 
the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene times, and a tooth of 
Macacus pliocenus, from the brick-earth of Grays, Essex, is 
shown in Pier-case 3. 
All the Old World monkeys agree with man in having the 
same number of teeth (including only two premolars on each 
side), and all the existing species are also similar in having a 
comparatively narrow nose, with the nostrils opening downwards. 
None have prehensile tails, and many are tail-less. It is therefore 
very interesting to observe that since Middle Miocene times they 
have been accompanied by one family — that of the Simiidae, or 
man-like apes— which approaches man very closely in many 
respects. It is represented at the present day by the gibbons and 
orangs of south-eastern Asia and the chimpanzees and gorillas of 
tropical Africa. In Miocene and early Pliocene times it also 
spread as far north as the middle of Europe ; for jaws and teeth 
of a small gibbon, Pliopithecus, are known from the Middle 
Miocene, while jaws and teeth of a large ape, Dryopithecus, 
related to the chimpanzee and gorilla, occur in rocks between that 
age and the Lower Pliocene in France, northern Spain, Germany 
and Austria. A thigh-bone of a similar large ape has also been 
found in the Lower Pliocene of Eppelsheim, Germany. Plaster 
casts of the principal fossils of this kind are exhibited in Pier-case 3 , 
and with them is a palate of Palczopithecus, a variety of chimpanzee, 
from the Lower Pliocene (Siwalik Formation) of the Punjaub, India. 
The man-like apes are conspicuously inferior to man in the 
relative size of their brain, of which the bulk does not exceed 
600 cubic centimetres, even in the largest known gorilla. They 
are also inferior in lacking certain features of the brain, which are 
intimately related to the special intellectual powers of man. Their 
head is not poised as in man on a backbone gently curved to make 
the upright gait comfortable and habitual; even in the gibbons, 
which regularly run on their hind limbs, the head is too heavy in 
front, and the backbone lacks the curve essential for long-sustained 
effort in the erect attitude. Their face is always relatively large, 
and provided with powerful weapons in the upper and lower 
canine teeth which completely interlock ; while the sharp retreat 
of the bony chin, the arrangement of the front teeth, and the 
narrowness of the lower jaw, make real articulate speech impossible. 
