566 
APPENDIX IV. 
by prefixing adhi, ayi, or a'i to the principal tense. This prefix 
precedes the pronominal mark of the verb. Similarly in the 
Temght we have ehe or ege fulfilling the same function ; and 
(especially since the sufifix pronoun of the Kabail, ayi or ai'("me") 
is -ahif in Barth) this ehe seems to be the same element as Kabail 
ayi. 
Adhi (in Kab.) often expresses a Future or Subjunctive idea. 
Yet the element ara or ere is, perhaps, still more decidedly 
future. I have found this element, r, in Barth, though rarely : 
for instance, ubbok, smoking ; and rabakagh^ I smoke. In 
Hanoteau, gh takes the place of r — sounds often confounded. To 
etymology it is of interest to know which sound is here more 
correct. If gh, then we are thrown back on aghi of Kabail, 
which has the same meaning as ayi, viz., " this." Also the ele- 
ment ad means " this," fern. ati. It seems then, that, prefixed to 
a tense, they give the idea of Now or Presently. 
Besides these external affixes, in an Appendix to my edi- 
tion of Sidi Ibrahim's Narrative, published by the (London) 
Asiatic Society, I elicited four internal methods of forming the 
Present Tense in Kabail, viz., 1. by reduplication of the second 
radical ; 2. by prefixing t to the root (with the sound of ts) ; 3. 
by prefixing 0 to the root (sounded t on the lowlands, but English 
th in the highlands) ; 4. transitive verbs, formed by s prefixed to 
the root, affix ai after the root, or sometimes change the last 
vowel to a. The Temght, with which Dr. Barth's ear was fami- 
liarized, disowns the distinction of the thick t [ts) from the com- 
mon t, as well as the sound of English th. We cannot, therefore 
(at least at present), distinguish in this language between the second 
and third methods just recounted. But we may positively assert, 
that in Dr. Barth's specimens a prevalent mode of forming the 
Present tense, is by prefixing t to the elementary part of the verb. 
Thus : aniyet, ride ye (from a root which must be inay, he rode) ; 
etinne, he rides, mounts ; enhi (or eheni), look thou, find thou ; 
inha, I have found ; but tehinnen, they see ; atenhegh, I find ; 
inna, he said, he spoke ; neketenagh tindrahen, I spake peace ; 
iwwen, he went up ; tewinagh, I climb up ; ikor, it is dried ; 
itdgar, it is drying up. 
On the other hand, where the prefix t is not found, but where 
Dr. Barth, notwithstanding, assigns a present meaning, I am some- 
