tema'shight vocabulary.— prolegomena. 567 
times struck with a broad which may perhaps denote present 
time, as in the fourth method of the Kabail above noted : but the 
materials are so few, that this needs confirmation. For example, 
yedis, he laughed ; ddsagh, I laugh ; ikkel^ he turned or returned, 
ekdlaghf I come back. 
5. The Noun of Action is formed from the verb by a ^ prefixed, 
and becomes feminine. In this all the Berber tongues seem to 
differ little from one another, or from Hebrew and Arabic. 
6. The Transitive Verb is formed in Temght, as in Kabail, by 
prefixing s to the root. Thus : arid, washed ; saradagh, I wash 
(a thing) ; ddirif, a freedman ; sidderfagh^ I set free ; idau, he 
went in company ; isdau, he brought together. 
7. A Passive Verb, formed like the Hebrew Niphal, is found 
sometimes, but rarely, alike in Temght and in Kabail. Thus, from 
Barth's iboyiSy he is wounded, comes the transitive sabayasagh. I 
wound ; and from this again a passive, «wsabayasen, they were 
wounded. Lideed, also war nebuyis, he was not wounded ; formed 
direct from the primitive. Barth has ekshe, eat thou ; eheri in- 
ekshe, " the money is spent; " probably, inekshe, is eaten. 
8. A Reciprocal Verb or a Verbal Adjective is formed in both 
languages by prefixing m to another verbal root. The practical 
use of this is comparable to the vagueness of the Greek Middle 
Voice. In Kabail it seems to be oftenest Reflective, sometimes 
Passive ; nor otherwise in Temght. From yohagh, he seized, 
comes temmihagh (explained by Hanoteau as the Temght for), 
she was seized ; where the 7n is Passive. But from isitteg, he 
traded, imisitfeg, he exchanged : from idau, he went in company 
{idiu, in Hanoteau), amidi, a comrade ; isharrag, he fetched 
water, amsharrag, a water-carrier ; ikkel, he turned (generally 
neuter), isdkal, he caused to return, he replaced ; simiskal, barter 
thou (cause to replace mutually ?) ; ru, weep, sob (Kabail 
root), itru, he weeps (Kab.), immerauen (persons) weeping to- 
gether ; irtay, it was joined ; imirtayen, mixed ; isken, he pointed, 
showed ; emsdken, they deliberate. 
In fact n and m of these two heads, appear to have no sharp 
distinction. They are joined in Barth's anemang(Ji)a, battle ; 
from nugh, fight thou (Kab.), or from engh, kill tliou. In Sidi 
I'brahim's Shilha, emmaghan, they fought (for emnaghan ?). 
9. Reduplicate verbs are found in both languages, comparable 
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