668 
APPENDIX VIII. 
dition will, no doubt, penetrate further. Meanwhile, the pre- 
sent expedition up the Kwara will, it is hoped, reach Say 
during the present year, and, by fixing the position of that 
place accurately, will offer an important point of comparison 
with the results of Dr. Earth's labours. 
After the foregoing remarks, it must at once be distinctly 
stated that Dr. Barth himself has made no astronomical obser- 
vations either of latitude or longitude. The best established 
of Dr. Vogel's positions, therefore, were made use of in con- 
structing the maps, and consequently they form the basis of 
most of the routes connected with Murzuk, Kukawa, Zinder, 
and Yakoba. Beyond these points the routes were almost 
wholly laid down from dead reckoning, with the exception of 
those from Tripoli to Murzuk, via Mizda, and from Murzuk 
to Ghat and Air, where Dr. Overweg's observations of lati- 
tude were made available, as well as the only observation of 
longitude that could be made out from the fragmentary and 
torn remains of his papers, namely, that of the island of 
Belarigo in Lake Tsad.* It will be seen, therefore, that by 
* The cardinal points of the maps where astronomical observations had 
been made by Dr. Vogel, besides Tripoli, are the following : 
Longitude E. Latitude N. 
Sokna - - - 15° 48' 30'' 29° 4' 4'' 
Murzuk - - - 14 10 15 25 55 16 
Kukawa - - - 13 24 0 12 55 14 
Yakoba - - - 9 31 45 10 20 10 
Zaria - . - - 7 23 10 11 4 46 
Bebeji - - - 8 6 25 11 35 30 
Zinder - - - 9 2 45 13 47 6 
Besides, Dr. Yogel has made astronomical observations at the following 
places : Beni Ulid, Enfa l, Bonjem, Godfah, O'm el "Abid, Gurmeda 
(wrong name), Sebha, Bimbeja, Bahr el dud, O'm el me, Lake Mandra, 
Jerma, Ghodwa, Mafun, Mastuta, Gatron, Tejerri, El A'lmaar, Ma-faras, 
Jebaye, Ashenumma, Sbemuttero, Bilma, Zau kura, A'gadem, Beikashi 
farri, Kufie, Kibbu, first outlying fresh- water basin, north-western end of 
the Tsad, N"gegimi, Barruwa, Y6, Mora, Uje (Mabani), Mashena, Muniyo 
(Bune), Zinder, Gujeba, Gebbeh, Gombe, Dan Hajji, Muri, Tindang, 
Dikowa, Delhe, Waza, A'dishen (Kade, residence of A'dishen), frontier of 
territory of A'dishen, north end of Tuburi Lake, Tuburi village, mountain 
