THE BROWN LLAMA. 
275 
the foot on which they tread is covered only by a 
thickened callous skin. This striking deviation from 
the typical form is not, however, unaccompanied by 
differences in the structure of the stomachs, which, 
although truly and essentially ruminant, have in this 
case an additional developement of a very remarkable 
character. One of the most useful peculiarities of the 
Camel, its power of passing many days without drink- 
ing, has long since been recognised as dependent on a 
cellular apparatus connected with the first and second 
stomachs, and capable, to quote the expressions of 
M. Cuvier, " of retaining water or of continually pro- 
ducing it." But the existence of a similar apparatus 
in the stomach of the Llamas has been repeatedly 
denied : Feuillee, in his minute account of the anatomy 
of this organ, takes no notice of such an appendage, 
and Sir Everard Home expressly states that the corre- 
sponding pits in the stomach of the Llama "have no 
depth, are only superficial cells, and have no muscular 
apparatus to close their mouths." From an external 
examination of the stomach of a Llama we had been 
induced to believe that its cells were of considerable 
depth ; and Dr. Knox has recently confirmed this opi- 
nion in a paper published in the Edinburgh Journal of 
Natural and Geographical Science, where he has shown 
that the actual differences between the stomachs of the 
Llama and the Camel are much less than had previously 
been imagined. Hence we are authorized in inferring 
that the Llamas, which are known to possess a similar 
capability of resisting thirst, are furnished with the 
same means of providing against its effects. 
The Camels and the Llamas differ from the rest of 
the Ruminants in several other striking particulars. 
They are entirely destitute of horns, an exemption 
which they share with the genus Moschus, as at pre- 
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