106 
TIMBRE 
(U. crassi/olia), Winged Elm {U. alata), and Eed Elm or 
slippery elm {U.fulra), with wood of a reddish tinge, found 
chiefly along river beds. 
The three latter are small trees. 
The wood of the American elms, like that of the English 
elm, is liable to twist and split, especially if used in thin 
scantlings, and should be kept in water or under cover 
until required for use ; there is a good deal of wane on the 
edges and sometimes a twist in the imported logs, and to 
get a 12 X 12 timber it may be necessary to saw down a 
log of about 13^ or 14 inches square ; the thin slabs cut 
off coming in handy for repairs to boats, or similar work. 
The best logs are of uniform colour. Eock elm is used for 
fenders on quays and for the fenders, handrails, and keels 
of ships, and elm generally for cooperage, saddlery and 
harness work, agricultural implements, and largely for 
furniture, as the handsome figure produced when elm is cut 
tangentially is much admired. Elm is also a good deal 
used by wheelwrights — the hubs of the wheels in the 
deacon's "one horse shay " were made of " settlers' ellum," 
last of its timber, " they couldn't sell 'em " ; it is sometimes 
used for piling, where driving is difficult, but is too costly 
to be much used for that purpose. The medullary rays 
and pores of summer wood are fine ; the pores are in 
wavy lines. 
Weight about the same as English elm, up to 50 lbs. per 
cubic foot. 
Orham Wood, which is used in the English shopfitting 
trade and a good deal for church seats, is a species of elm 
with coarse and open grain, of light brown colour, which 
comes from Canada. Orme is the French for elm, 
hence doubtless the corruption of the word into orham. 
It works up to a nice smooth surface. 
