540 Proceedings of the Royal Ivkh Academy. 
at the back of the ear. The pectoral! s quartus, or brachio-lateral pan- 
niculus was also very strong, attached to the seven lower ribs, and to 
the lumbar fascia, and inserted into the axillary tendinous arch stretch- 
ing from the great pectoral to the latissimus dorsi, with both of which 
it was, as usual, inseparably united ; the abdomino-femoral panniculus 
also formed a strong radiating sheet, whose anterior margin was sharp 
and definite, and whose lower insertion extended along the entire 
thigh. 
On raising the panniculus and exposing the endoskeletal muscles, 
we found the sternomastoid large and distinct, arising from the pro- 
osteon by fleshy fibres, and inserted tendinous into the paroccipital and 
into the ridge leading forwards from it to the paramastoid. The per- 
fectly separate cleidomastoid above was attached to the paroccipital 
under the last, and below its fibres pass with the upper edge of the 
superficial part of the great pectoral beneath the anterior edge of the 
clavicular trapezius; the sterno- is to the cleido-mastoid as "38 to 
•19. 
The trapezius was divisible into three parts ; trapezius clavicularis, 
scapularis superior, and scapularis inferior. The first portion arose by 
an extensive fleshy expansion from the occipital crest beneath the 
nuchal platysma, and crossed by the transversus nuchse, its fibres pass 
down parallel to the hinder edge of the sterno-masloid, and over- 
lapping the cleido-mastoid, they end in an imperfect tendinous line, 
which represents the clavicle ; below this line the fibres are continued 
onwards as the clavicular deltoid. This inscription has in it no 
floating bone, nor is it perfect, as on the deep surface many bundles 
of muscular fibres pass directly from the trapezius into the deltoid. 
The trapezius scapularis superior arises below the last from the 
spines of the 2-7 cervical vertebrae, and is inserted into the spine of 
the scapula along its anterior edge, as far back as the insertion of the 
trachelo- acromial muscle. The inferior scapular portion arises from the 
2-8 dorsal spines, and is inserted into the Retzian tubercle of the 
lower edge of the scapular spine by a flat tendon. 
There is a strong trachelo-acromial, as usual in otters, arising 
from the outer edge of the transverse process of the atlas, and inserted 
into the metacromion, at its base; the insertion intervened between the 
attachments of the clavicular and upper scapular trapezius muscles. 
E,homboideus arises from all the cervical and two upper dorsal spines, 
and was inserted as usual ; the occipital portion is distinct at origin 
from the cervical, and inserted as usual, extending anterior to the upper 
angle of the scapula. 
The latissimus dorsi arises from the 3rd to the 9th dorsal spines, and 
its tendon of insertion was joined to that of the teres major inseparably. 
The distinction between this muscle and the pectoralis quartus {vide 
supra), was purely artificial. Taken together, they weighed 0*88 oz. 
separately they weighed, pectoralis quartus 0*61, latissimus 0'27. 
In all otters a second muscle exists intermediate between the 
levator anguli scapulae and the trachelo-acromial, which is probably a 
