87S 
[Nov. 7, 1898. 
ANGLING NOTES. 
The Father of FIshculture. 
Stephen Ludwig Jaoobi was born April 28, 1709, upon 
his ancestral estate of Hohenhausen, in the duchy of 
Lippe, Province Varenholz, northwestern Germany. 
When Jacobi was a youth of seventeen he conceived the 
idea of artificially fertilizing the eggs of fish for the pur- 
pose of restocking lakes and streams, and began a series 
of painstaking experiments. In 1741 he succeeded in 
hatching trout artifacially, although the discovery was not 
made public until 1763. but he is known to this day as the 
father of artificial fish propagation, as Dr. Garliok is 
known as the "Father of Fishculture in America." 
On July 4, 1896, the anniversary of American Inde- 
pendence (as I learn from the London Fishing Oaaette), a 
monument was erected to the memory of Jacobi at 
Hohenhausen by the representatives of the German 
fisheries' associations. The Gazette reproduces a photo- 
graph of the memorial and says: "The stone, or rather 
the huge heap of rough boulders, stands on the site of 
Jacobi's hatchery, the spot where this modest country 
gentleman carried out his experiments 150 years ago, on 
the banks of the Kolie, the beautiful little stream where 
nature taught him his first lessons in trout breeding, and 
where, after years of observation and careful scientific 
labors, he succeeded in raising artificially both trout 
and salmon very much in the same way as nowadays in 
England and the States. 
"The monument was unveiled in the presence of the 
Prince Regent of Lippe and his consort princess Victoria, 
a granddaughter of Queen "Victoria, who throughout has 
shown the greatest interest in the researches which cul- 
minated in the idea of raising a monument to Jacobi on 
the very site of his labors, and vindicating for him the 
right of being called the originator of trout breeding, as 
now understood the world over. * * * The notes 
published by Jacobi in 1765 show him to have been an 
extremely accurate observer of nature, and of SalmonidcB 
in particular. His instructions as to spawning, hatching 
and rearing fish might be followed even to-day with ad- 
vantage. 
"The hatching box used by him was very much what 
American fishculturists use nowadays, and would form a 
very excellent redd for incubating and hatching trout or 
salmon ova. At the unveiling of the monument one of 
these boxes, which has more than a historical interest, 
was shown. The box is 13ft. long, ISin. wide and 6in. 
deep, with movable lids and a grating at top and bottom 
to exclude enemies and protect the young fish. The eggs 
were hatched on a gravelly bed, and the fish partly 
planted as fry, partly transplanted to email ponds and 
planted as yearlmgs. 
"The old nursery ponds used by Jacobi can still be 
traced, but do not exist any longer as ponds, having been 
made into water meadows; but not very far from the 
site of the hatchery at Steinbergen, near the hunting seat 
of the Prince of Biickeburg, some beautiful trout ponds, 
engineered by Jacobi, are still working, and supply an 
annual stock of yearlings for adjoining streams." 
The picture of the memorial shows a pile of boulders 
six courses high rising from the bank of the stream, sur- 
mounted by an upright flat-faced stone, bearing an in- 
scription; while on the front of the pile is a tablet, evi- 
dently the coat of arms of the man for whom the me- 
morial is erected. A half score of great wreaths, rib- 
bon-tied, are spread on the ground before the monument. 
A few years ago, in preparing a Lyceum paper upon the 
"Progress of Fishculture," I had occasion to look up what 
was known of Jacobi as a fishculturist (securing material 
aid from my friend, the late Prof. G, Brown Goode), and 
when I had completed my search I could not understand 
how it was possible to question the fact that Jacobi was 
the first to hatch trout artificially. His discovery was 
announced in a Hanoverian magazine in 1763; was in- 
dorsed by German naturalists in 1764; his memoir was 
published in Paris in 1770; his discovery was recognized 
by George III. in 1771, who granted him a life pension; 
the first public demonstration of the principles of fishcul- 
ture was in Paris in 1773; the translation of his memoir 
into English was done in London in 1788; the beginning 
of fishculture in Italy dates from 1800; in Bohemia from 
18S4; in Great Britain from 1837, when John Shaw 
hatched and reared salmon to two years of age; and yet 
Gehin and Remy are correctly credited with being the 
fathers of fishculture in France between 1843-44. 
French authorities say that Joseph Remy was an illit- 
erate fisherman, but he made known his alleged discov- 
ery of artificial fish propagation in a formal letter to the 
Prefect of the Province in which he lived, and the next 
year he was a candidate for an award from a scientific 
society, and he and his colleague, Gehin, received a pre- 
mium from a provincial society of emulation. If Remy 
could write in French he must have been able to read in 
French, and at the time he claimed to have made his dis- 
covery Jacobi's experiments had been published more 
than seventy years in the French language in various 
popular treatises on fish and fishculture. 
Furthermore, it is of record that twenty years before 
Remy local experimenters in his own district had suc- 
ceeded in hatching trout eggs. It has seemed to me that 
Remy simply borrowed Jacobi's ideas, and after all in 
this country the first experiments in fishculture are trace- 
able to the influence of Remy, the imitator, rather than 
to Jacobi, the originator; for Dr. Garlick got his idea of 
hatching trout from the publication of Remy's experi- 
ments in Paris in 1850. Perhaps 150 years hence the 
people of this country will erect a monument to Dr. Gar- 
lick for inaugurating artificial fishculture in America. 
It will be noticed that the Gazette says of Jacobi's early 
operations: "The eggs were batched on a gravelly bed, and 
the fish partly planted as fry, partly transplanted to small 
ponds and planted as yearlings." This is entirely new to 
me, as it is the first mention of the fact, so far as I have 
been able to discover, that the father of fishculture was 
also the first to realize the importance of rearing trout to 
yearlings before planting them in wild waters, and, for 
this alone he should have an additional wreath on his 
memorial. 
Black Bass Length Limit. 
It is reasonable to suppose that the framers of Article 
XV. of the game law of New York, which makes special 
provisions as to the waters of the Thousand Islands in 
the St. Lawrence River, when they wrote section 335 of 
the law, had good reasons for so doing, and the Legisla- 
ture must have believed that the reasons were good or it 
would not have made that section a law of the State. 
The section reads: "No black bass less than lOin. in 
length shall be intentionally taken alive from the waters 
of the Thousand Islands, nor shall the eame be killed or 
possessed, and in case any such fish is caught or taken 
the person taking it shall immediately place such fish 
back in the waters from which it was taken withoilt un- 
necessary injury." Then follows a penalty of $25 for 
violating this law. 
Section 111 is similar in all respects to section 325, ex- 
cept that the limit of length of black bass is 8in,, that the 
provisions apply to all the waters of the State (excepting 
the Thousand Islands) and the penalty is $10 instead 
of $25. 
Why should the black bass in the St. Lawrence River 
have better protection than the black bass in other State 
waters? There is no reason why they should, but the 
people of the St. Lawrence River region are more alive to 
the necessity of something like adequate protection for 
these fish than the people of other parts of the State, and 
have procured a law limiting the catch of bass in a day 
to twelve fish, and increasing the limit of length from 8 
to lOin. This will do a little something toward preserv- 
ing a fish that is not protected by law during its breeding 
and brooding season. 
Last winter a bill was passed providing for a fishway in 
Rock Bottom Dam in the Susquehanna River at Bingham- 
ton. 
Last month I went there with the Division Engineer 
of the State and Mr. W. H. Rogers, the builder of the 
Rogers Fishway, to locate the fishway in the dam. The 
water was low and clear, and as we stood on the dam we 
could see schools of little black bass in the water below 
it. There were eleven men and boys on the dam fishing 
for these little bass. Some one in the interest of fish 
preservation had placed a large sign on an old mill at one 
end of the dam calling attention to the law which for- 
bids the killing of black bass under 8in. in length. From 
one end of the dam to the other I did not see a bass in the 
water that would weigh fib., but the boys and the men 
were catching fish all the time. I examined the strings 
of fish that they had and they consisted of small bass just 
8in. long and a little more, and of sunfish. I saw one 
fisherman land a small bass which looked to be under 8in, , 
and as he was about to string the fish I went to him with 
the tape line with which I was measuring the dam, but 
he anticipated me by pulling from his pocket a piece of a 
foot rule as he said, "I measured this fish and it is just 
Sin. long." It was just Sin. long, and when it was dressed 
for cooking it would not make a decent mouthful. There 
were a number of small bass dead in the water, and I dis- 
covered that their death came about through the measur- 
ing process; for each fisherman, man and boy, had either 
a foot rule or 8in. marked on his fishing rod. When in 
doubt the bass was held down by the fisherman's foot 
against the apron of the dam and the infant bass was 
measured. If it could not be squeezed to measure 8in. it 
it was put back, generally, I fear, to die. I was informed 
that 500 to 600 bass a day were caught from the dam, all 
little things 8 or 9in. long, and I did not see a single bass 
on any of the strmgs that would measure lOin. in length. 
If the fishway when it is completed serves no other pur- 
pose than to stop the slaughter of baby bass from the 
dam it will be worth all that it will cost, for all fishing is 
prohibited within fifty rods above and below a fishway. 
Shad and Sawdust. 
While we were at Binghamton, Mr. Rogers told me 
that on one occasion the shad netters in the Bay of Fundy 
complained that the sawdust was working injury to the 
shad fishing. Mr. Rogprs was sent there by his father, 
who was Inspector of Fisheries of Nova Scotia, to exam- 
ine into the matter and report. 
In Cumberland Basin, at the head of the bay, shad 
poles are set while the extremely high tide is out, and 
after a flood tide wagons are driven down to the nets and 
the shad removed. Mr. Rogers says it is a curious sight 
to see the shad hanging in the gill nets, their silvery 
scales shining in the sun, with no water beneath them, as 
the fishermen gather the fish into wagons. He examined 
the contents of the stomachs of many shad and in some 
he found what under a microscope proved to be small 
particles of wood, but that this was not the cause of the 
shad being driven away was proven the very next year, 
when they returned as plentiful as ever. 
Scratching a Salmon's Back. 
At one of the retaining ponds in Canada, where salmon 
are confined and held until their eggs are ripe to be 
hatched artificially, Mr. Rogers one day put his hand and 
arm down between the grating into the water to see what 
the salmon would do. At first they swam as far away 
from his hand as the limits of the pen would permit, and 
then curiosity seemed to be aroused and one big salmon 
swam up to his hand and touched it with his side. At 
the least motion of the hand or fingers the fish would 
dart away only to return. Little by little the fish gained 
courage and permitted the hand to rub his sides and back, 
and finally Mr. Rogers scratched his back as he would 
scratch the back of a pet dog, and the salmon seemed to 
like it, for it did not move away unless some unusual 
motion was made by another part of the man's body, and 
if the fish did move away it returned very quickly to 
have its back scratched again. 
Transporting Crayfish. 
A correspondent writes: "Will you describe in Forest 
AND Stream the best method of shipping crayfish long 
distances and have them arrive alive and in good condi- 
tion." 
Crayfish may be shipped in any vessel that will hold- 
water, from a bait bucket to a fish can. In the bottom of 
the can or bucket place a quantity of sand, gravel and 
a few stones as large as a hen's egg. The crayfish will 
burrow in the sand and gravel under the stones, but unless 
they are furnished with material to construct a hiding 
place they will destroy or maim one another. The cans 
should not be overcrowded with the crayfish to insure 
perfect success in transportation. Over the sand and 
stones pour water until it is 6 or Sin. deep in the can. On 
a long journey in warm weather the water will need to 
be changed by drawing it oflf with a siphon and adding 
fresh water. Crayfish do not require water as cool as 
young trout, nor does it require to be as frequently 
changed; but they will not live in warm, foul water. 
They cannot be moved with safety when they are shed- 
ding, for their shell ia then very soft; but when the shell 
is hard they can be moved if the water is reasonably fresh 
and cool, and they are not crowded to the point where 
they will injure one another. 
"Getting Even." 
It is not unusual for violators of the game and fish laws, 
when caught and fined, to desire to get even with some- 
body for having brought them to justice. It is this very 
state of things which often deters a man from making a 
complaint against a neighbor who has violated the law. 
I have found this to be so over and over again. A man 
knows that some one has violated a game law and he 
wishes to have him punished, but he will not appear as 
complainant for fear the guilty one will "get even" with 
him in some way. An amusing case of this sort recently 
occurred in New Hampshire, and a friend has written me 
about it. 
At Sunapee Lake there are two brooks flowing 
into the lake called the Pike brooks, because they 
flow through land once owned by a man of the name 
of Pike. A State hatchery is situated on one of the 
brooks, and both are used by the State as nursery 
streams for young trout and salmon, and as such are 
closed to all fishing; and Col. Nathaniel Wentworth, when 
he puts up a sign to protect his baby trout and salmon, 
means that the warning shall be obeyed, for he is fond of 
his fish, and desires that they shall have a fair start before 
they are caught. Well, somebody had been fishing one 
of the Pike brooks contrary to law, and Col. Wentworth 
had no other business to attend to until he had found out 
with reasonable certainty who that somebody was. Evi- 
dence was secured that led to the arrest of one Frank 
Kemp, and he was fined; but while Commissioners Went- 
worth and Hughes were hunting Kemp down they found 
evidence implicating Charles Barron, who was brought 
before Judge Shurtleff. Barron was not quite sure that 
he could be proven guilty, but as it began to look as 
though-he were to be "put away" for a season, he told 
Judge Shurtleff that he would plead guilty and pay his 
fine if the name of the complainant in his case was dis- 
closed to him. He did not say how he intended to get 
even with the complainant, whether by burning his bam 
or maiming his stock, but he just wanted to know who 
the man was. Judge Shurtlf fl agreed to the proposition, 
and Barron counted out $35 into Commissioner Went- 
worth's hands, who put it into his pocket. Barron then 
wished to know who the man was that had caused him 
to give up his money, and Judge Shurtleff put the com- 
plaint before him and he read: "Nathaniel Wentworth, 
of Hudson Center, Fish Commissioner of New Hamp- 
shire." A. N. Cheney. 
An Arkansas BaCss and Game Point. 
I HAVE had some fine fishing this summer. I had to 
hold court as special chancellor in Chicot county for ten 
days. . Lake Village, the county seat, is situated on Lake 
Chicot, which is twenty-five miles long, a mile wide and 
of unknown depth. The water is as clear as the sky, and 
the fishing is fine. One morning Mr. Garland Streett 
and I caught forty-seven striped bass, black bass and 
white perch before court time, and on another I caught 
forty-five by myself. Shooting is said to be fine in the 
winter and fall, but I have never tried it. The easiest 
way to get there is to go to Greenville, Miss. , and then 
take a boat either to Luna Landing or Vaucluse, from 
which places transportation can be procured to Lake 
Village. 
Quail shooting is good this fall. The season has been 
horribly dry and no birds got drowned. For that reason 
duck shooting may be correspondingly poor, as water is 
scarce, and lakes ^and streams are dry that were con- 
sidered perpetual. They have not come in much yet, so 
I cannot say as to them, J, M, Rose, 
Striped Bass in New Tork Bay. 
On Friday, fishing at night at Liberty Island, Charles 
S, Derby, of Rod and Gun department New York Press; 
James Reithel and Dan McCarthy, caught ten striped 
bass. The largest weighed lOlbs. They hooked two 
larger fish, but did not land them. 
It was a disagreeable, stormy night, which probably 
accounts for the unusual catch for that vicinity, as the 
water along shore was stirred up, and the bass came in 
there to look for feed. 
UNION FIELD TRIAL CLUB'S TRIALS. 
The first annual field trials of the Union Field Trial 
Club were held at Carlisle, Ind., commencing Monday, 
Oct. 26. The weather was a little warm and the ground 
dry, but taken all in all the event was quite a success, and 
the club feels very much encouraged. At the annual club 
meeting Tuesday evening the same officers were re-elected 
for the coming year, and the second Monday in November, 
1897, was the date claimed for the next trials, and Carlisle 
the place for holding them. 
Now, without any exaggeration, your reporter is going 
to make the assertion, based on his own experience and 
from what he has heard others remark: The grounds on 
which was run the AH Age Stake are the finest in the 
United States for holding field trials. Spectators can sit 
in a buggy on the public highway and witness consider- 
able of the competition. The farms are in large tracts, 
houses few and far between. In fact, the grounds could 
not be made to order to suit the purpose any better. Birds 
were found sufficiently numerous. 
The judges were Royal Robinson and S. H, Socwell. 
Among well-known sportsmen present I noticed Norvin 
T, Harris, J. L. Adams, Mr. Churchill, of Louisville, Ky,; 
Edward A. Bardette, Chicago; C, P. Mingst and C. F. 
Hartwitz, Evansville, Ind, ; Richard Merrill, Milwaukee, 
Wis, ; P. T, Madison, J, T, Kerr, Joseph Becker, Indian- 
apolis; Charles Fox, Bicknell, Ind, ; and several others, 
whose names I did not learn. The winners in the Derby 
were a good lot of dogs. 
Winner of first, Josie Freeman, is by Antonio out of 
Nellie Hope, and is owned by John Gude, Bruceville, Ind, 
She is a medium-sized black,, white and tan bitch, is put 
up on the lines of a goer, ia easily handled, goes at a good 
pace, has good range and stays out at her work. 
The winner of second, Eipple, is a very handsome liver 
and white pointer bitch by Rip Rap out of Pearl's Dot, and 
is owned by Hampton S. Smith, and handled by J. H^ 
