44. Genus POGONATUM, P. Beauv. 
Whole Plant — Perennial, tall strong plants, closely allied to Polytrichum, from j of an inch, to 4 inches in height. 
Stem — Simple, sometimes branched. 
Leaves — Lanceolate, very rigid, sheathing, spreading, erect when dry, glaucous or reddish-brown ; margin more or less 
serrated; nerve strong and broad; areolation dense in the middle and upper part of the leaf, basal cellules 
elongated. 
Infloeescbnce — Dioicous. 
Barren Flower (Antheridia) — Slender, with filiform paraphyses. 
Fertile Flower (Archegonia) — 
FagrmuZa-^Membranous. 
Capsule— Ohlon^, erect, or slightly oblique, of firm texture, reddish-brown. 
Calyptra — Convex, beak slightly curved. 
Operculum — Covered with hairs, cucullate. 
Peristome — Similar to Atrichv/m and Oligotrichum. 
Annulus — 
Spores — Yellow, small. 
General Habitat — Sandy and moist banks, sides of streams on elevated situations. Fruit :— October and November. 
Species Illustrated — Pogonatum urnigerum (Bridel), Polytrichum urnigerum (Linn.), and P. aloides (Bridel), in part. 
Reference to Plate — a, Plant, natural size, P. urnigerum ; h, Stem leaf of same, X 2-in. ; hh, Branch leaf, X 2-in. ; d, Basal 
cellnles of branch leaf, X ^-in. ; cc. Teeth of peristome, X i-in. ; e. Same, X 1-in. ; /, Capsule X 2-in. ; 
g, Calyptra, X 2-in. ; h, Spores, X i-in. aa, Plant natural size, P. aloides ; ab, Stem leaf of same, 
X 2-in. 
This genus is represented in Britain by four species. 
45. Genus POLYTRICHUM, Bridel. 
Whole Plant — Perennial, fine tall plants, the most elegant, showy, and conspicuous of the family of Mosses, some species 
reaching from 6 inches to 8 inches in height, affecting moist woods and dry heaths. 
Stem — Simple, triangular, firm, erect, reddish or dark purple, of a woody texture. 
Leaves — Lanceolate, sharply serrated, dark green in the middle and upper portion of the leaf, with the areolation dense, 
yellow or reddish at the base ; nerve broad, ceasing below the apex, or extending into a white serrated point. 
Infloeescence — Dioicous. 
Barren Floiuer (Antheridia) — Lanceolate, surrounded with paraphyses. 
. Fertile Floiver (Archegonia) — Paraphyses filiform. 
Vaginula — 
Capsule — Angular, erect, or oblique, yellowish or chestnut-brown. 
Calyptra— C-acuilsite, covered with whitish or reddish hairs, lacerated at the base, in some cases covering the 
whole capsule. 
Operculum — Conical, beak erect or oblique, having a convex base. 
Peristome — Consisting of 64 teeth, closely resembling in form and structure those of Atriclium and Pogonatum. 
Annulus — 
Spores — Small, yellowish-green. 
General Habitat — Woods, heaths, and mountainous situations. Fruit : — June and September. 
Species Illustrated — Polytrichum commune (Linn.) and P. pilifernm (Schreb.), in part. 
Reference to Plate — a, Plant, natnral size, P. commune ; aa, Male plant same ; b, Stem leaf, X 2-in. ; bh, Perioheetial leaf, X 
2-in. ; c, Apex of stem leaf, X 1-in. ; d, Portion of mid-leaf, X 1-in. ; e, Antheridia and paraphyses, X 
i-in.; f, Capsule, X 2-in.; ff, Calyptra, natural size; g, Teeth of peristome, X i-in.; gg. Portion of 
capsule with operculum, X 2-in. ; h, Spores, X i-in. ab, Plant, natural size of P. piUferum ; m, Capsule, 
X 2-in.; k, Stem leaf, X 2-in.; I, Apex of leaf, X 1-in. 
This genus is represented in Britain by seven species, according to Hobkdrk. Wilson gives six. 
46. Genus TIMMIA, Hedw. 
Whole Plant — Perennial, growing in reddish-brown tufts, from 1 inch to 2 inches in height. 
Stem — Leafy, csespitose with innovations. 
Leaves — Linear-lanceolate, sheathing at the base, spreading or crowded, apex serrated ; nerve strong and prominent, 
ceasing below the apex ; areloae quadrate, small, opaque, upper leaves yellowish-green, lower ones reddish-brown. 
Invloeescence — Monoicous. 
Barren Flower (Antheridia) — " Gemmiform." 
Fertile Floiver (Archegonia) — " With long styles, paraphyses filiform." 
Vaginula — 
Capsule — Oblong, inclined. 
Calyptra — " Cuculliform, rather large." 
Operculum — " Convex." 
peristome — Double, with 16 outer teeth, inner teeth transparent, divided half way with appendiculate cilia. 
Annulus — 
Spores — Small, yellow. 
General Habitat — On rocks, exceedingly rare. Fruit : — " Summer." 
Species Illustrated — Timmia megapolitana (Hedw.). 
Reference to Plate — a. Plant, natural size; b, Leaves, X 2-in. ; c. Apex of same, X i-in.; cc, Same, X 1-in.; d, Outer and 
inner teeth of peristome, 1-in.; e. Inner teeth of peristome, X i-in.; /, Capsule, X 2-in. ; g, Cellules of 
mid-leaf, X i-in. ; h, Spores, X i-in. 
This genus is represented in Britain by two species — T. austriaca, discovered in Forfarshire in 1824 by Mr. Thomas 
Drummond, barren ; T. megapolitana, by Dr. Stirton, on Ben Lawers, in 1866, barren. 
The specimen from which the figures are drawn was kindly given me by Dr. Braithwaite, and came from the Car- 
pathian Mountains, those in my possession, collected by Dr. Stirton, and given to me by James Hardy, Esq., of Old Cambus, 
being without fruit. 
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